原始印欧语数词
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原始印欧语数词已经被现代语言学家基于跨越所有印欧语系语言所找到的相似性而重构了。本文列出并讨论它们的假定形式。
基数
基数重构如下:
| 数 | 重构(Sihler)[1] | 重构(Beekes)[2] |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- | *Hoi(H)nos |
| 2 | *d(u)wo- | *duoh₁ |
| 3 | *trei- (完全等级) / *tri- (零等级) | *treies |
| 4 | *kʷetwor- (o-等级) / *kʷetur- (零等级) (参见kʷetwóres规则) |
*kʷetuōr |
| 5 | *penkʷe | *penkʷe |
| 6 | *s(w)eḱs; 最初可能是 *weḱs | *(s)uéks |
| 7 | *septm̥ | *séptm |
| 8 | *oḱtō, *oḱtou 或 *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou | *h₃eḱteh₃ |
| 9 | *(h₁)newn̥ | *(h₁)néun |
| 10 | *deḱm̥(t) | *déḱmt |
| 20 | *wīḱm̥t-; 最初可能是 *widḱomt- | *duidḱmti |
| 30 | *trīḱomt-; 最初可能是 *tridḱomt- | *trih₂dḱomth₂ |
| 40 | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- | *kʷeturdḱomth₂ |
| 50 | *penkʷēḱomt-; 最初可能是 *penkʷedḱomt- | *penkʷedḱomth₂ |
| 60 | *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; 最初可能是 *weḱsdḱomt- | *ueksdḱomth₂ |
| 70 | *septm̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *septm̥dḱomt- | *septmdḱomth₂ |
| 80 | *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- | *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂ |
| 90 | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; 最初可能是 *h₁newn̥dḱomt- | *h₁neundḱomth₂ |
| 100 | *ḱm̥tom; 最初可能是 *dḱm̥tom | *dḱmtóm |
| 1000 | *ǵʰeslo-; *tusdḱomti (最初是“巨大的数”) | *ǵʰes-l- |
其他重构典型的同 Beekes 和 Sihler 有轻微的差异(例如 Fortson[3])。
元素 *-dḱomt- (在数20到90中)和 *dḱm̥t- (在100中)是在假定这些数为 *deḱm̥(t)“10”的派生词的假定上重构的。
Lehmann[4] 相信大于10的数都是在方言群组中独立构造的而 *ḱm̥tóm 最初意味着“一个大数”而非特指100。
数的性
数3和4有带有后缀 *-s(o)r- 的阴性形式，分别重构为 *t(r)i-sr- 和 *kʷetwr̥-sr-。[3]
数作为前缀
特殊形式的数被用作前缀，通常用来形成 bahuvrihi 复合(比如英语中的“five-fingered”):
| 数 | 前缀(Fortson)[5] |
|---|---|
| 1- (together, same) | *sm̥- |
| 2- | *dwi- |
| 3- | *tri- |
| 4- | *kʷ(e)tru- 或 *kʷetwr̥- |
序数
序数是难于构造的，由于它们在后代语言中是各种各样的。下列重构是试探性的:[6]
- “第1”在用 *pr̥h₃-(有关于某种副词含义“forth, forward, front”和小品词 *prō“forth”，因此最初意味着“foremost”或类似含义)加上各种后缀如 *-wo-, *-mo- 来形成。
- “第2”在后代语言使用了范围广泛的各种表达，经常无关于数2的词，所以不能重构出 PIE 形式。
- “第3”到“第6”被通过向基数加上后缀 *-t(ó)- 来形成: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)-“第三”等。
- “第7”到“第10”被通过向基数增加 thematic 元音 *-ó- 来形成: *oḱtow-ó-“第八”等。
结尾于音节主音鼻音的基数(7，9，10)在 thematic 元音前插入第二个鼻音，导致了后缀 *-mó- 和 *-nó-。这些后缀和后缀 *-t(ó)- 扩散到了临近的序数，例如吠陀梵语 aṣṭamá-“第八”和立陶宛语 deviñtas“第九”。
反映
基数的反映
| 数 | 重构(Sihler) | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *Hoi-no- | Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un |
| *sem- | Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama | |
| 2 | *du(w)o- | Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva,[3]
Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy |
| 3 | *trei- | Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije,[3]
Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri- |
| 4 | *kʷetwor- | Ved. catvāras, Av. caθuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre,[3]
Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri- |
| 5 | *pénkʷe | Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ,[3]
Luwian panta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke |
| 6 | *s(w)eḱs | Ved. ṣáṭ, Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. ṣäk, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ,[3]
Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses- |
| 7 | *septm̥ | Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. ṣpät, Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ,[3]
Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. ṣukt, Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë |
| 8 | *h₃eḱtō | Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ,[3]
Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë |
| 9 | *(h₁)newn̥ | Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ,[3]
Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë |
| 10 | *deḱm̥(t) | Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ,[3]
Pers. daθa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece- |
| 20 | *wīḱm̥t- | Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki,[3]
Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet |
| 30 | *trīḱomt- | Skr. triṅśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt |
| 40 | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt |
| 50 | *penkʷēḱomt- | Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt |
| 60 | *s(w)eḱsḱomt- | Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat |
| 70 | *septm̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat |
| 80 | *h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt- | Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat |
| 90 | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto |
| 100 | *ḱm̥tom | Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto,[3]
Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja |
| 1000 | *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- | Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse |
| *tusdḱomti | ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača | |
在下列语言中，用斜杠分隔的两个反映意味着:
阴性数的反映
| 数 | 重构 | 反映[3] |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | *t(r)i-sr- | Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/? |
| 4 | *kʷetwr̥-sr- | Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/? |
数前缀的反映
| 数 | 重构 | 反映(通过例子)[5][7] |
|---|---|---|
| 1- (together, same) | *sm̥- | Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold" |
| 2- | *dwi- | Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth" |
| 3- | *tri- | Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes" |
| 4- | *kʷ(e)tru- | Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed" |
序数的反映
| 数 | 重构 | 反映 |
|---|---|---|
| 第1 | *pr̥h₃-wó- | Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ[6] |
| *pr̥h₃-mó- | Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas[6] | |
| 其他形式 | Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first,[6]
Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë | |
| 第2 | *dwo-teró- | Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras Russ. vtoroj |
| 第3 | *tri-tó- | Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius[6] |
| 第4 | *kʷetwr̥-tó- | Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ[6] |
| 第5 | *penkʷ-tó- | Av. puxδa-, Gk. pémptos[6] |
| 第6 | *sweḱs-tó- | Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus,[6] |
| 第7 | *septm̥-(m)ó- | Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,[6] |
| 第8 | *h₃eḱtōw-ó- | Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,[6] |
| 第9 | *(h₁)newn̥-(n)ó- | Lat. nonus,[6] |
| 第10 | *dekm̥-(m)ó- | Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,[6] |
注释
- ^ Sihler (1995:402–24页)
- ^ Beekes (1995:212–16页)
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Fortson (2004:131页)
- ^ Lehmann (1993:252–255页)
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Fortson (2004:131–132页)
- ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Fortson (2004:132页)
- ^ Fortson (2004:120页)
引用
- Beekes, Robert S. P., Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 1995, ISBN 90-272-2150-2
- Fortson, Benjamin W., Indo-European Language and Culture, Blackwell Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-4051-0316-7
- Lehmann, Winfried P., Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, London: Routledge, 1993, ISBN 0-415-08201-3
- Sihler, Andrew L., New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 0-19-508345-8