信号识别颗粒RNA （Signal recognition particle RNA，简称SRP RNA ，又称7SL RNA ）是生物细胞信号识别颗粒 中的RNA ，在三域 生物中皆有，信号识别颗粒（SRP）由RNA与蛋白质組成，可与核糖体 翻译 中多肽上的信号肽 结合，暂停翻译，并与细胞内质网 （真核生物）或细胞膜 （原核生物）的信号识别颗粒受体 [ 3] [ 4] 三磷酸鸟苷 （GTP）分子的水解，促使SRP自信号识别颗粒受体与核糖体脱离，使核糖体继续多肽的翻译[ 5] [ 6]
真核生物的SRP由长约300nt 的7SL RNA和6个蛋白质（SRP9、SRP14、SRP19、SRP54、SRP68与SRP72）组成，古菌 的SRP由7SL RNA和2个蛋白质組成[ 7] 真细菌 的SRP则由4.5S RNA和Fth蛋白组成[ 8] [ 9] tRNA 与5S 核糖体RNA 一样是由RNA聚合酶III 转录 [ 10]
除组成SRP之外，有研究发现许多逆转录病毒 颗粒中含有未与SRP蛋白结合的SRP RNA等宿主细胞的RNA，惟其功能尚不明[ 6] 成纤维细胞 与癌细胞互动后释放的外排体 中[ 11] 红细胞 细胞中发现未与SRP蛋白结合的SRP RNA[ 12]
人类基因组 中占比超过10%、最常见的短散在核元件 （SINE）Alu元件 可能是自SRP RNA中间一段序列删除后衍生而来[ 13]
枯草杆菌 的SRP RNA
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