信號識別顆粒RNA （Signal recognition particle RNA，簡稱SRP RNA ，又稱7SL RNA ）是生物細胞信號識別顆粒 中的RNA ，在三域 生物中皆有，信號識別顆粒（SRP）由RNA與蛋白質組成，可與核糖體 轉譯 中多肽上的信號肽 結合，暫停轉譯，並與細胞內質網 （真核生物）或細胞膜 （原核生物）的訊息確認顆粒受體 [ 3] [ 4] 三磷酸鳥苷 （GTP）分子的水解，促使SRP自訊息確認顆粒受體與核糖體脫離，使核糖體繼續多肽的轉譯[ 5] [ 6]
真核生物的SRP由長約300nt 的7SL RNA和6個蛋白質（SRP9、SRP14、SRP19、SRP54、SRP68與SRP72）組成，古菌 的SRP由7SL RNA和2個蛋白質組成[ 7] 真細菌 的SRP則由4.5S RNA和Fth蛋白組成[ 8] [ 9] tRNA 與5S 核糖體RNA 一樣是由RNA聚合酶III 轉錄 [ 10]
除組成SRP之外，有研究發現許多反轉錄病毒 顆粒中含有未與SRP蛋白結合的SRP RNA等宿主細胞的RNA，惟其功能尚不明[ 6] 成纖維細胞 與癌細胞互動後釋放的外排體 中[ 11] 紅血球 細胞中發現未與SRP蛋白結合的SRP RNA[ 12]
人類基因組 中占比超過10%、最常見的短散在核元件 （SINE）Alu元件 可能是自SRP RNA中間一段序列刪除後衍生而來[ 13]
枯草桿菌 的SRP RNA
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