跳至內容

野櫻莓

維基百科，自由的百科全書
維基百科中的醫學內容僅供參考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，請諮詢專業人士。詳見醫學聲明。
野櫻莓
野櫻莓
科學分類 編輯
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 維管束植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真雙子葉植物 Eudicots
演化支： 薔薇類植物 Rosids
目： 薔薇目 Rosales
科： 薔薇科 Rosaceae
屬： 澀石楠屬 Aronia
Medik.
種：
野櫻莓 A. melanocarpa
二名法
Aronia melanocarpa
野櫻莓果實

野櫻莓（學名：Aronia melanocarpa，英文：Black chokeberry），是薔薇科的一種落葉灌木，原產於北美洲東部濕樹林和沼澤。野櫻莓被栽培為觀賞和植物和經濟作物，果實可以生吃，也能用來製作酒、果醬、糖漿、果汁、茶、沙拉、啤酒和冰淇淋。

特徵和分類

葉彼此互生，針形，圓齒和羽脈狀，到了秋天樹葉會變成暗紅色，黑色的毛狀出現在葉中脈的表面，花很小，有5個花瓣和5個萼片，並且在10-25傘狀花序，果實是一個小梨果，具有非常澀的味道。

野櫻莓產於北美洲東部，有兩個著名的品種，其果色為紅色、黑色，紫色的野櫻莓是其原產地兩者自然雜交而成。紅色的野櫻莓，通常高度為2-4公尺，葉子底部寬5-8，花為白色或淡粉色，寬約1厘米，果實為紅色，4-10毫米寬，產至到冬天。

黑色的野櫻莓，略小，高度幾乎超過1公尺高。葉子較小，不超過6厘米寬。花是白色，寬1.5厘米，無毛與萼片，果實為黑色，6-9毫米寬，沒有產至冬天。

紫色的野櫻莓，果實為暗紫色偏黑色，7-10毫米的寬度，產至冬天。植物學家艾倫·威克利認為這是一種全面的物種，而不是混合紅色、黑色野櫻莓。

野櫻莓花

產品及用途

野櫻莓耐乾旱、蟲害、污染和疾病。波蘭將野櫻莓乾燥，與草藥茶、黑醋栗混合，野櫻莓也常被用作香料或著色劑的飲料或酸奶。

野櫻莓成熟漿果果汁有點澀，略帶點甜（中度含糖量），微酸（低pH值）。漿果有獨特的風味，除了作為果汁外，也可以用來作烤麵包的添加物。在美國和加拿大，野櫻莓漿果則被用於果汁產品，主要的銷售特點是它的抗氧化性能。

營養

野櫻莓黑色的色素沉著是來自密集的多酚含量，尤其是花青素。總多酚含量為每100克新鮮果實1752毫克，花青素含量為每100克1480毫克，而原花青素濃度為每100克664毫克。[來源請求]

野櫻莓也含有對人體有益礦物質和維生素，即：維生素B6、B12、E、C，葉酸，奎寧酸，多酚酸，單寧，兒茶素，槲黃素，芸香素，橙皮苷，白藜蘆醇...等等。

ORAC

在抗氧化強度的標準測量中---氧自由基吸收能力和抗氧化能力指數（ORAC），野櫻莓是所有水果中數值最高的---每100克含16,062 micromoles of Trolox Eq. 其原因為野櫻莓所富含的花青素和原花青素，這也許可以解釋其所帶有的澀味。[來源請求]

初步研究

野櫻莓的潛在機能可以降低造成疾病的風險[來源請求]，包括：

  • 降低血液中的膽固醇
  • 結直腸癌
  • 心血管疾病
  • 慢性炎症
  • 胃黏膜疾病（消化性潰瘍）
  • 眼球炎（葡萄膜炎）
  • 肝功能衰竭
  • 抗粘連性能
  • 乳腺癌
  • 高血壓
  • 宮頸癌
  • 免疫調節作用

參見

參考文獻

  1. Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43.
  2. Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps". USDA PLANTS.
  3. Photinia floribunda". USDA PLANTS.
  4. A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, and B. S. Walters (February 2011). "Michigan Flora Online". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  5. Mark Brand (2010). "Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential". Arnoldia 67 (3): 14–25.
  6. USDA GRIN entry for Aronia.
  7. USDA GRIN Taxonomy, distribution entry for Aronia × prunifolia.
  8. Everhart, Eldon (March 4, 2009). "Aronia - A New Crop for Iowa". Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  9. Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Sarg.: black chokecherry". United States Department of Agriculture.
  10. Prunus virginiana melanocarpa, Black Chokecherry
  11. Robertson, K. R., J. B. Phipps, J. R. Rohrer, and P. G. Smith. 1991. A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae). Systematic Botany 16:376–394.
  12. Kalkman, C. 2004. Rosaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. Edited by K. Kubitzki. Springer, Berlin. pp. 343–386, isbn=3-540-06512-1. in Google books, page 377
  13. Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".
  14. Campbell C. S., R. C. Evans, D. R. Morgan, T. A. Dickinson, and M. P. Arsenault (2007). "Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history". Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 119–145. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0545-y.
  15. Sennikov, A.N.; Phipps, J.B. (2013). "Atlas Florae Europaeae notes, 19 – 22. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic adjustments in some native and introduced species of Malinae (Rosaceae) in Europe". Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem 43 (1): 33–44. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43104.
  16. James W. Hardin ((May - Jun., 1973)). "The Enigmatic Chokeberries (Aronia, Rosaceae)". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100 (3): 178–184. doi:10.2307/2484630. JSTOR 2484630.
  17. Steven A. McKay (March 17, 2004). "Demand increasing for aronia and elderberry in North America". New York Berry News 3 (11).
  18. Skupien K, Oszmianski J (2007). "The effect of mineral fertilization on nutritive value and biological activity of chokeberry fruit". Agric Food Sci 16: 46–55. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  19. "Total polyphenols in black chokeberry". http://www.phenol-explorer.eu （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Phenol-Explorer. 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  20. Wu X, Gu L, Prior RL, McKay S (2004). "Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (26): 7846–56. doi:10.1021/jf0486850. PMID 15612766.
  21. Wu X et al. (2006). "Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (1): 4069–75. doi:10.1021/jf060300l. PMID 16719536.
  22. Taheri, R; Connolly, B. A.; Brand, M. H.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (36): 8581–8. doi:10.1021/jf402449q. PMID 23941506. edit
  23. Simon PW (1996). "Plant pigments for color and nutrition". United States Department of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  24. Lee, J. E.; Kim, G. S.; Park, S; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, M. B.; Lee, W. S.; Jeong, S. W.; Lee, S. J.; Jin, J. S.; Shin, S. C. (2014). "Determination of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) polyphenol components using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Overall contribution to antioxidant activity". Food Chemistry 146: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.029. PMID 24176305. edit
  25. Ipatova, O. M.; Prozorovskaia, N. N.; Rusina, I. F.; Prozorovskiĭ, V. N. (2003). "Antioxidant properties of a leaf extract from Aronia (Aronia melanocarba) containing proanthocyanidins". Biomeditsinskaia khimiia 49 (2): 165–76. PMID 14565080. edit
  26. "Anthocyanins FAQ". MadSci Network. 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  27. Neveu V et al. (2010). "Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods". Centre de Recherche de Clermont-Ferrand, France. doi:10.1093/database/bap024. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  28. Taheri, R; Connolly, B. A.; Brand, M. H.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (36): 8581–8. doi:10.1021/jf402449q. PMID 23941506. edit
  29. Gross, P (2009). "New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science". Nutraceuticals World. Rodman Media. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  30. Kim, B.; Ku, C. S.; Pham, T. X.; Park, Y.; Martin, D. A.; Xie, L.; Taheri, R.; Lee, J.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) polyphenol–rich extract improves antioxidant function and reduces total plasma cholesterol in apolipoprotein E knockout mice". Nutrition Research 33 (5): 406–413. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.001. PMID 23684442. edit
  31. Lala, G., Malik, M., Zhao, C., He, J., Kwon, Y., Giusti, M. M., & Magnuson, B. A. (2006). "Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats". Nutr Cancer 54 (1): 84–93. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5401_10. PMID 16800776.
  32. Bell, D. R., & Gochenaur, K (2006). "Direct vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of anthocyanin-rich extracts". J Appl Physiol 100 (4): 1164–70. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00626.2005. PMID 16339348.
  33. Jump up ^ Han, G.-L., Li, C.-M., Mazza, G., & Yang, X.-G (2005). "Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 34 (5): 581–4. PMID 16329602.
  34. Jump up ^ Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Marazova, K., Krasnaliev, I., Galunska, B., Borisova, P., & Belcheva, A (2005). "Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats". Exp Toxicol Pathol 56 (6): 385–92. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2005.01.001. PMID 15945278.
  35. Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I., Shiratori, K., Koyama, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., Kitaichi, N., Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, T., Ohno, S. (2005). "Anti-inflammatory effects of aronia extract on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (1): 275–81. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0715. PMID 15623784.
  36. Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Borisova, P., Galunska, B., Krasnaliev, I., Belcheva, A. (2004). "Hepatoprotective effect of the natural fruit juice from Aronia melanocarpa on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats". Exp Toxicol Pathol 56 (3): 195–201. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2004.04.012. PMID 15625789.
  37. Olas, B; Wachowicz, B; Nowak, P; Kedzierska, M; Tomczak, A; Stochmal, A; Oleszek, W; Jeziorski, A; Piekarski, J (2008). "Studies on antioxidant properties of polyphenol-rich extract from berries of Aronia melanocarpa in blood platelets". Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society 59 (4): 823–35. PMID 19212014. edit
  38. Kedzierska, M; Olas, B; Wachowicz, B; Stochmal, A; Oleszek, W; Jeziorski, A; Piekarski, J; Glowacki, R (2009). "An extract from berries of Aronia melanocarpa modulates the generation of superoxide anion radicals in blood platelets from breast cancer patients". Planta Medica 75 (13): 1405–9. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1185718. PMID 19444773. edit
  39. Ciocoiu, M; Badescu, L; Miron, A; Badescu, M (2013). "The involvement of a polyphenol-rich extract of black chokeberry in oxidative stress on experimental arterial hypertension". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 912769. doi:10.1155/2013/912769. PMC 3600185. PMID 23533529. edit
  40. Rugină, D; Sconţa, Z; Leopold, L; Pintea, A; Bunea, A; Socaciu, C (2012). "Antioxidant activities of chokeberry extracts and the cytotoxic action of their anthocyanin fraction on He La human cervical tumor cells". Journal of Medicinal Food 15 (8): 700–6. doi:10.1089/jmf.2011.0246. PMC 3407391. PMID 22846076. edit
  41. Xu, J; Mojsoska, B (2013). "The immunomodulation effect of Aronia extract lacks association with its antioxidant anthocyanins". Journal of Medicinal Food 16 (4): 334–42. doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.0151. PMID 23566059. edit

延伸閱讀

外部連結

取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=野櫻莓&oldid=70882678」