耶穌運動
耶穌子民運動（Jesus Movement）是二十世紀60至70年代在美國西海岸發生的基督教運動，起源於恰克·史密斯（Chuck Smith）牧師的各各他浸信會（Calvary Chapel）與杭亭頓海灘（Huntington Beach）的所在，並在80年代消亡之前發展到北美和歐洲。它是在嬉皮反文化運動中最重要的基督教元素，或者說，相反的，也可以說是新教內最主要的嬉皮部分。運動的成員被稱為耶穌人或耶穌怪。
耶穌子民運動留下了一系列的宗派和另一些基督教組織，曾對當代的基督教右派和左派的發展都有影響，耶穌音樂從中發展起來，很大的影響了當代的基督教音樂，幫助形成了各種風格，例如基督搖滾和基督金屬樂，其中又以馬拉那瑟音樂最具代表。
來源
耶穌子民運動及耶穌人這一術語由杜安佩德森（英文：Duane Pederson）在好萊塢自由報創造。耶穌怪這個詞彙原來是非基督徒嬉皮對基督徒嬉皮的貶義標籤，但是耶穌運動的成員將這個詞彙重塑為積極的自我定義，他們會將食指指向天，象徵One Way ,Jesus。
儘管是廣義上嬉皮運動的一部分，耶穌子民運動曾是作為反反文化的一部分產生。一些人對現狀不抱幻想而變得嬉皮。之後，這些人中的一些對嬉皮的生活方式同樣不抱有幻想而成為耶穌人。[1]
信仰和實踐
耶穌運動在神學上屬復原主義，尋求回到早期基督徒原初的生活。因此，耶穌人通常視教會為叛教者，尤視美國的教會為甚，並在總體上持決然反對主流文化的政治立場。耶穌運動的理論在某些情況下也會回歸到簡單生活和禁欲主義。耶穌人對神跡、符號和想像、忠誠、治療、祈禱、聖經、聖靈力量展示等，有很強的信仰。 例如70年代在阿斯伯里大學的一次神奇的復興引起了主流新媒體的注意，使之具有全國影響力。[2][3]
引文
- ^ Larry Eskridge, "Jesus People" in Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, David B. Barrett, Encyclopedia of Christianity "The beginnings of the Jesus People movement can be traced to the San Francisco Bay area, where in 1965 a group of young bohemian converts began to gather within John MacDonald's First Baptist Church in Mill Valley, California."
- ^ Revival Breaks Out at Asbury College in 2006. [2011-08-29]. （原始內容存檔於2016-03-04）.
- ^ One Divine Moment 網際網路檔案館的存檔，存檔日期2010-05-12.
參考文獻
- Di Sabatino, David. The Jesus People Movement: An Annotated Bibliography and General Resource (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999).
- Jensen, Lori Jolene, Ph.D. (Re)discovering fundamentalism in the cultural margins: Calvary Chapel congregations as sites of cultural resistance and religious transformation. University of Southern California. 2000.
- Isaacson, Lynne Marie, Ph.D. Delicate balances: Rearticulating gender ideology and rules for sexuality in a Jesus People communal movement. University of Oregon. 1996.
- Smith, Kevin John, D.Miss. The origins, nature, and significance of the Jesus Movement as a revitalization movement. Asbury Theological Seminary. 2003.
- Ridout-Stewart, Caroline, M.A. Communitas to structure: a dynamic social network analysis of an urban Jesus People Community. McGill University. 1974.
- Shires, Preston David, Ph.D. Hippies of the religious Right: The counterculture and American evangelicalism in the 1960s and 1970s. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 2002.
- Gordon, David Frederick, Ph.D. A Comparison of the effects of urban and suburban location on structure and identity in two Jesus people groups. University of Chicago. 1978.
- Bookman, Sally Dobson Ph.D. Jesus People: a religious movement in a mid-western city. University of California, Berkeley. 1974.
- Wagner, Frederick Norman, Ph.D. A theological and historical assessment of the Jesus people phenomenon. Fuller Theological Seminary. 1971.
- Griffith, Jack Garrison, Jr., Ph.D. Press coverage of four twentieth-century evangelical religious movements, 1967–1997. University of Southern Mississippi. 2004.
- Chrasta, Michael James, Ph.D. Jesus people to Promise Keepers: A revival sequence and its effect on late twentieth-century evangelical ideas of masculinity. University of Texas at Dallas. 1998.
- Robinson, James, Ph.D. The origins, development and nature of Pentecostalism in Ulster, 1907 – c. 1925: A study in historical and theological contextualisation. Queen's University of Belfast. 2001.
- Smalridge, Scott, M.A. Early American Pentecostalism and the issues of race, gender, war, and poverty: A history of the belief system and social witness of early twentieth century Pentecostalism and its nineteenth century holiness roots. McGill University. 1999.
- Dayton, Donald Wilbrr, Ph.D. Theological roots of pentecostalism. University of Chicago. 1983.
- Ronald M. Enroth, Edward E. Ericson and C. Breckinridge Peters, The Jesus People: Old-Time Religion in the Age of Aquarius (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans, 1972). ISBN 0-8028-1443-3
- Larry Eskridge, "Jesus People" in Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, David B. Barrett, Encyclopedia of Christianity (Grand Rapids:William B. Eerdmans, 1999). ISBN 0-8028-2415-3
- Donald Heinz, "The Christian World Liberation Front," in The New Religious Consciousness, Charles Y. Glock and Robert N. Bellah, eds. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976) pp. 143–161. ISBN 0-520-03083-4
- Edward E. Plowman, The Jesus Movement (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1972). ISBN 0-340-16125-6
- Young, Shawn David, Hippies, Jesus Freaks, and Music (Ann Arbor: Xanedu/Copley Original Works, 2005). ISBN 1-59399-201-7
- Young, Shawn David. "從嬉皮到耶穌怪：基督徒激進派在芝加哥內城。From Hippies to Jesus Freaks: Christian Radicalism in Chicago’s Inner-City." Journal of Religion and Popular Culture. Vol 22(2) Summer 2010.