次要音節
南亞語系中,次要音節是一個弱化的音節,後面跟著一個帶聲調或帶重音的音節。次要音節常以/Cə/或/CəN/的形式出現,其中的元音弱化,如高棉語口語; 或以/CC/這樣無元音的形式出現,如姆拉布里語/kn̩diːŋ/「肚臍」(次要音節/kn̩/)和/br̩poːŋ/「底部」(次要音節/br̩/),以及卡西語kyndon/kn̩dɔːn/「規則」(次要音節/kn̩/)、syrwet/sr̩wɛt̚/「標誌」(次要音節/sr̩/)、kylla/kl̩la/「變形」(次要音節/kl̩/)、symboh/sm̩bɔːʔ/「種子」(次要音節/sm̩/)和tyngkai/tŋ̩kaːɪ/ 「節約」(次要音節/tŋ̩/)。這樣的抑揚格模式有時也被稱作倍半音節(sesquisyllabic),此術語由美國語言學家詹姆斯·馬提索夫於1973年提出(Matisoff 1973:86)。
有時次要音節可以因語言接觸產生。許多占語支語言和緬甸語[1]在與南亞語系接觸後演化出了次要音節。緬甸語的次要音節為/Cə/形式,聲母無複輔音、無韻尾、聲調。
原始台語和上古漢語的較新構擬也包含倍半音節詞根,現代台語支和現代漢語已經完全轉化為單音節。
另見
注釋
- ^ Randy LaPolla. The development of Sino-Tibetian. Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics. Oxford University Press. 2001: 238.
參考
- Brunelle, Marc; Kirby, James; Michaud, Alexis; Watkins, Justin. (2017). Prosodic systems: Mainland Southeast Asia (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). HAL 01617182.
- Butler, Becky Ann. (2014). Deconstructing the Southeast Asian sesquisyllable: A gestural account (Doctoral dissertation). Cornell University.
- Ferlus, Michel. (2004). The origin of tones in Viet-Muong (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). In Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (pp. 297–313). HAL 00927222v2.
- Ferlus, Michel. (2009). What were the four Divisions of Middle Chinese? (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Diachronica, 26(2), 184-213. HAL 01581138v2.
- Matisoff, James A. (1973). 'Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia'. In Larry M. Hyman (ed.), Consonant Types and Tone (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) (Southern California Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 1), pp. 73–95. Los Angeles: Linguistics Program, University of Southern California.
- Kirby, James & Brunelle, Marc. (2017). Southeast Asian tone in areal perspective. In R. Hickey (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics (pp. 703–731).
- Michaud, Alexis. (2012). Monosyllabicization: patterns of evolution in Asian languages (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). In Monosyllables: From phonology to typology (pp. 115–130). HAL 00436432v3.
- Svantesson, J.-O. & Karlsson, A. M. (2004). Minor syllable tones in Kammu. In International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2004).
- Thomas, David (1992). 'On Sesquisyllabic Structure' (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, 21, pp. 206–210.