必异规则
必异规则(Obligatory Contour Principle;简称:OCP、硬性语音结构原则、必要起伏原则、无双原则、强制性非同值原则、强制曲拱制约条件)是一种语音假说,指出(某些)连续相同的显著特点(distinctive feature)都被禁止出现在底层表述上。
背景考虑
在音韵学一种很普遍的观念即是没有词素允许包含两个连续的声调。如果两个连续的高声调在一个语素上出现,那么有些规则必须应用上去。(Odden1986) 也许表层高元音之一是"底层高调",而另一个是"底层无调"(underlyingly toneless)。因为所有元音在表层必须有声调(在这假设性的语言里),然后一个元音的高声调扩散到其他地方(请参见:自动段音韵学)。另外,由于一些规则的应用、一个元音(或两个)可能已经开始有了低声调、且变为高声调;或者有低声调介于两个高音调之间、而这些高声调在某些时候又被删除。无论如何,在语素的词汇条目上、必异规则认为在底层的词素不能存有两个连续的高音调(或两个连续的低声调等)。
历史
必异规则的"最有权威性的章节"(locus classicus)Leben (1973)上论说关于底层表述是基于"排除相同声调序列"进而构成"约束词性的词素结构"。在"自动段音韵学"(Goldsmith 1976)上明白的概念阐述是介于"特色旋律"(featural melody)和"骨干单元"(skeletal unit)(即CV音韵学,参见<McCarthy 1979, McCarthy 1981, Steriade 1982, Clements & Keyser 1983>)、"音节长度音韵学"(moraic phonology、<Hyman 1985, Hayes 1989>)之间的关联,因此必异规则被认为是相关于"相邻的单向炼旋律"(adjacent singly linked melody)、而不是"双向炼旋律"(doubly linked melody)。
参考文献
- Alderete, John, Dissimilation as local conjunction, K. Kusumoto (编), Proceedings of North East Linguistic Society 27 (PDF), Amherst: Graduate Linguistic Student Association: 17–31, 1997 [2014-03-01], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-01-20).
- Clements, George N; Keyser, S. J., CV Phonology, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1983.
- Goldsmith, John, Autosegmental Phonology, 1976. PhD dissertation, MIT.
- Hayes, Bruce, Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology, Linguistic Inquiry, 1989, 20: 253–306. Scanned 2MB (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Searchable 5MB (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Hyman, Larry M., A theory of phonological weight, Dordrecht: Foris, 1985
- Leben, William, Suprasegmental Phonology, 1973. PhD dissertation, MIT. Distributed by Indiana University Linguistics Club.
- McCarthy, John J, Formal problems in Semitic phonology and morphology (PDF), 1979, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-08-30). PhD dissertation, MIT.
- McCarthy, John J, A prosodic theory of non-concatenative morphology (PDF), Linguistic Inquiry, 1981, 12: 373–418, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-04).
- McCarthy, John J, OCP effects: Gemination and antigemination (PDF), Linguistic Inquiry, 1986, 17: 207–263, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-04).
- Odden, David, On the role of the Obligatory Contour Principle in phonological theory, Language, 1986, 62: 353–383.
- Odden, David, Anti anti-gemination and the OCP, Linguistic Inquiry, 1988, 19: 451–475.
- Prince, Alan; Smolensky, Paul, Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar (PDF), Malden, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2004 [2014-03-01], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-07).
- Steriade, Donca, Greek prosodies and the nature of syllabification, 1982. PhD dissertation, MIT.
- Yip, Moira, The Obligatory Contour Principle and phonological rules: a loss of identity, Linguistic Inquiry, 1988: 65–100.