LTR反转录转座子
LTR反转录转座子(LTR retrotransposon)是生物基因组中一类编码区两端具有长末端重复序列(LTR)的反转录转座子,长度介于100bp至5kb之间,其mRNA可被反转录成DNA后再插入基因组中,作用机制类似反转录病毒(特别是反转录病毒目的病毒),但相较于反转录病毒可形成病毒颗粒离开细胞,LTR反转录转座子仅能在原本的细胞中复制增殖[1]。LTR反转录转座子在植物基因组中占比很高,如小麦基因组有高达75%的序列为LTR反转录转座子[2][注 1]。
LTR反转录转座子可依序列分为Ty1-copia类、Ty3-gypsy类与BEL-Pao类,分别与假病毒科、转座病毒科和Belpaoviridae的反转录病毒相似,前两者均存在于动物、植物、真菌与其他真核生物基因组中,后者则仅见于部分动物基因组[5][6]。此类元件通常具有gag与pol两基因,两者均编码多聚蛋白,转译后需经蛋白酶进一步切割,gag编码的蛋白可在细胞中形成类病毒颗粒[7],pol则编码蛋白酶、反转录酶、RNA酶H与整合酶,可在类病毒颗粒中将转座子的mRNA反转录[1][8]。LTR反转录转座子由宿主细胞的RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录,产生包含gag与pol的mRNA,有些转座子的gag与pol融合成单一开放阅读框,有些则在中间具有可致核糖体移码的序列,因仅有部分核糖体转译完gag的序列后发生移码而继续转译pol的序列,生成的gag蛋白数量将多于pol蛋白[9],不过大部分LTR反转录转座子已因累积大量突变而不能表现这些蛋白,因此失去转位能力,可表现者通常也只在宿主发育的某些阶段表现[10][11]。
LTR反转录转座子与脊椎动物的内源性反转录病毒(ERV)区别是后者具有编码包膜蛋白(env)的基因,前者则无,但文献中经常有混用的状况,且许多内源性反转录病毒丢失了编码蛋白的序列,有些LTR反转录转座子新获得类似env蛋白的序列,使两者差异更趋模糊[12]。LTR反转录转座子获得env基因后可能转变为内源性反转录病毒,如黑腹果蝇的gypsy LTR反转录转座子即多出了类似env、编码膜蛋白的基因而具感染其他细胞的能力,成为一反转录病毒[13][1];反之内源性反转录病毒丢失env后也可能转为LTR反转录转座子[6][14][15]。LTR反转录转座子与内源性反转录病毒在人类细胞中大多不活跃表现,但皆可能影响宿主细胞的基因表现,调控异常时甚至可能激活免疫反应而造成自体免疫疾病[16]。有些LTR反转录转座子与内源性反转录病毒融入宿主基因组后渐演化出新功能,衍生成为宿主的新基因[17]。
有些LTR反转录转座子还具有编码其他蛋白的开放阅读框,其功能尚不清楚;有些LTR反转录转座子则失去了编码gag与pol蛋白的开放阅读框,例如植物的微型末端重复反转录转座子(TRIM),需仰赖其他移动元件编码的反转录酶等酵素才能复制增殖[1][18][19] 。
参见
- DIRS反转录转座子(酪胺酸重组酶反转录转座子):黏菌基因组的一种反转录转座子,不使用整合酶将cDNA插入基因组,而是编码酪胺酸重组酶,以位点特异性重组的方式将cDNA插入基因组[20]。
- 哺乳类显性LTR反转录转座子(Mammalian apparent LTR-Retrotransposons,MaLR):哺乳类基因组的一种LTR反转录转座子,其编码的序列与一般LTR反转录转座子的gag和pol不同[21]。
注脚
参考文献
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