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第一次世界大战期间的德国

维基百科，自由的百科全书
德国历史
1950年来的德意志联邦共和国国徽
历史系列条目
早期历史
中世纪
近代历史
统一
德意志国
弗伦斯堡政府
冷战时期
当代
专题史

第一次世界大战期间，德意志帝国是最终战败的同盟国之一。 在盟国奥匈帝国向塞尔维亚宣战之后，它开始参与大战。除了1914年东普鲁士入侵的短暂时期之外，德国本土在大部分时间中仍相对免受广泛入侵。皇家海军实施的严密封锁导致了德国城市的严重食物短缺，尤其是在1916-17年冬季。战争结束时，德国的失败和广泛的民众不满引发了1918-19年的德国革命，这场革命最终推翻了君主制并建立了魏玛共和国。

1914年，与欧洲其他国家的人民类似，德国人民以复杂的情绪应对战争爆发。最近的研究挑战了人们普遍怀有热情（1914年精神）的理论[1]。由容克地主统治的德国政府将战争视为结束被敌对国家法国，俄罗斯和英国包围的一种方式。外交大臣伯恩哈德·冯·比洛指出，战争是为了使该国获得“太阳下的一席之地”，公众普遍的民族主义很容易支持这一点。德国当局希望战争能够使公众作为君主制国家团结起来，并减轻由德国社会民主党的迅速发展所带来的威胁，德国社会民主党曾是战前德国帝国议会中最有影响力的政党。尽管德国社会民主党加入了第二国际，但它结束了与帝国政府的分歧，放弃了国际主义原则，反而来支持战争。

事情很快证明，德国没有为这场持续数月之久的战争做好准备。最初，在德国战时基础上没有采取任何措施来调节经济。而且在整个战争中，德国战争经济的组织状况仍然很糟糕。德国依赖食品和原材料的进口，但这由于英国对德国的封锁而被迫终止。首先限制粮食价格，然后实行定量配给。1915年，德国为了生产粮食和保存谷物，猪猡屠杀中屠杀了500万头猪。 1916/17年的冬天被称为“萝卜冬天”，因为马铃薯收成不好，人们开始吃动物的食物，包括品萝卜。在1914年8月至1919年中旬的战争中，由于营养不良，疲惫不堪，疾病和绝望率高而导致的平民死亡人数约有474,000人[2][3]。

参考资料

  1. ^ Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge U.P., 2000).
  2. ^ N.P. Howard, "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918-19," German History (1993), 11#2, pp. 161-88 online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） p. 166, with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919.
  3. ^ Hew Strachan. World War 1需要免费注册. Oxford University Press. 1998: 125. ISBN 9780198206149. 

延伸阅读

军事

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  • Chickering, Roger, et al. eds. Great War, Total War: Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front, 1914-1918 (Publications of the German Historical Institute) (2000). ISBN 0-521-77352-0. 584 pgs.
  • Cowin, Hugh W. German and Austrian Aviation of World War I: A Pictorial Chronicle of the Airmen and Aircraft That Forged German Airpower (2000). Osprey Pub Co. ISBN 1-84176-069-2. 96 pgs.
  • Cruttwell, C.R.M.F. A History of the Great War: 1914-1918 (1935) ch 15-29 online free
  • Cross, Wilbur, Zeppelins of World War I, 1991, ISBN 978-1-55778-382-0 
  • Herwig, Holger H. The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (1996), mostly military
  • Horne, John, ed. A Companion to World War I (2012)
  • Hubatsch, Walther; Backus, Oswald P, Germany and the Central Powers in the World War, 1914–1918, Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas, 1963, OCLC 250441891 
  • Kitchen, Martin. The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918 (London: Croom Helm, 1976)
  • Morrow, John. German Air Power in World War I (U. of Nebraska Press, 1982); Contains design and production figures, as well as economic influences.
  • Sheldon, Jack. The German Army on the Somme: 1914 - 1916. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books Ltd. 2005. ISBN 978-1-84415-269-8. 

The militarism mean the countries need to develop military or army levels From 1880 to 1914,the military expenditure of the six bog powers(viz.Germany,Russia,Austria,Italy,France,and Britain)

国内战线

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  • Bell, Archibald. A History of the Blockade of Germany and the Countries Associated with Her in the Great War, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey, 1914–1918 (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1937)
  • Broadberry, Stephen and Mark Harrison, eds. The Economics of World War I (2005) ISBN 0-521-85212-9. Covers France, UK, USA, Russia, Italy, Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Netherlands
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  • Verhey, Jeffrey. The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth, and Mobilization in Germany (2006) excerpt （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Welch, David. Germany and Propaganda in World War I: Pacifism, Mobilization and Total War (IB Tauris, 2014)
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一手资料

外部链接

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