跳至內容

第一次世界大戰期間的德國

維基百科，自由的百科全書
德國歷史
1950年來的德意志聯邦共和國國徽
歷史系列條目
早期歷史
中世紀
近代歷史
統一
德意志國
弗倫斯堡政府
冷戰時期
當代
專題史

第一次世界大戰期間，德意志帝國是最終戰敗的同盟國之一。 在盟國奧匈帝國向塞爾維亞宣戰之後，它開始參與大戰。除了1914年東普魯士入侵的短暫時期之外，德國本土在大部分時間中仍相對免受廣泛入侵。皇家海軍實施的嚴密封鎖導致了德國城市的嚴重食物短缺，尤其是在1916-17年冬季。戰爭結束時，德國的失敗和廣泛的民眾不滿引發了1918-19年的德國革命，這場革命最終推翻了君主制並建立了魏瑪共和國。

1914年，與歐洲其他國家的人民類似，德國人民以復雜的情緒應對戰爭爆發。最近的研究挑戰了人們普遍懷有熱情（1914年精神）的理論[1]。由容克地主統治的德國政府將戰爭視為結束被敵對國家法國，俄羅斯和英國包圍的一種方式。外交大臣伯恩哈德·馮·比洛指出，戰爭是為了使該國獲得「太陽下的一席之地」，公眾普遍的民族主義很容易支持這一點。德國當局希望戰爭能夠使公眾作為君主制國家團結起來，並減輕由德國社會民主黨的迅速發展所帶來的威脅，德國社會民主黨曾是戰前德國帝國議會中最有影響力的政黨。儘管德國社會民主黨加入了第二國際，但它結束了與帝國政府的分歧，放棄了國際主義原則，反而來支持戰爭。

事情很快證明，德國沒有為這場持續數月之久的戰爭做好準備。最初，在德國戰時基礎上沒有採取任何措施來調節經濟。而且在整個戰爭中，德國戰爭經濟的組織狀況仍然很糟糕。德國依賴食品和原材料的進口，但這由於英國對德國的封鎖而被迫終止。首先限制糧食價格，然後實行定量配給。1915年，德國為了生產糧食和保存穀物，豬玀屠殺中屠殺了500萬頭豬。 1916/17年的冬天被稱為「蘿蔔冬天」，因為馬鈴薯收成不好，人們開始吃動物的食物，包括品蘿蔔。在1914年8月至1919年中旬的戰爭中，由於營養不良，疲憊不堪，疾病和絕望率高而導致的平民死亡人數約有474,000人[2][3]。

參考資料

  1. ^ Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge U.P., 2000).
  2. ^ N.P. Howard, "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918-19," German History (1993), 11#2, pp. 161-88 online （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） p. 166, with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919.
  3. ^ Hew Strachan. World War 1需要免費註冊. Oxford University Press. 1998: 125. ISBN 9780198206149. 

延伸閱讀

軍事

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The militarism mean the countries need to develop military or army levels From 1880 to 1914,the military expenditure of the six bog powers(viz.Germany,Russia,Austria,Italy,France,and Britain)

國內戰線

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一手資料

外部連結

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