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卷缘桩菇

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卷缘桩菇
科学分类 编辑
界： 真菌界 Fungi
门： 担子菌门 Basidiomycota
纲： 伞菌纲 Agaricomycetes
目： 牛肝菌目 Boletales
科： 网褶菌科 Paxillaceae
属： 网褶菌属 Paxillus
种：
卷缘桩菇 P. involutus
二名法
Paxillus involutus
(Batsch) Fr. (1838)
异名[1][2]
卷缘桩菇
查看产生下列表格的真菌学模板
查看产生下列表格的真菌学模板
真菌形态特征
子实层上有菌褶
蕈伞为扁平
子实层自基部沿蕈柄向下生长
裸露蕈柄
孢印褐色
菌根真菌
致命
皮埃尔·比利亚尔于1785年绘制的卷缘桩菇

卷缘桩菇（学名：Paxillus involutus）又称卷边网褶菌或卷边桩菇，最早于1785年由皮埃尔·比利亚尔描述发表，当时被归在伞菌属[3]，但翌年由奥古斯特·巴奇发表的学名Agaricus involutus才被视作有效描述[1][4]；1838年埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯定立新属桩菇属，并将本种作为模式种[5]。本种外型如棕色、木质的陀螺，子实体可高约6公分[6]，蕈伞直径为4—12公分，边缘向下卷曲[7]；菌髓黄色且多汁，并具特殊气味[7][8]；孢子印为棕色，担孢子呈椭球形，长7.5—9微米，宽5—6微米[9]。许多乳菇属物种、黑毛桩菇与耳状网褶菌（英语：Tapinella panuoides）等蕈类的外形皆与本种相似[10][11]，另外同属物种Paxillus obscurisporus（英语：Paxillus obscurisporus）为自本种分出，其子实体较本种为大[12]。

卷缘桩菇可与许多针叶树或落叶树形成外菌根（英语：Ectomycorrhiza）[13]，常在外菌根相关研究中被用作模式生物，其基因组已被完整定序[14]。有研究显示本种与树木共生时可增加树木根部对土壤真菌镰刀菌感染的抗性[15][16]，并抑制植株吸收土壤中的有害重金属[17][18]。本种为北半球温带地区常见的蕈类，分布范围包括欧洲、亚洲与北美洲[10][19]，在印度[20]、伊朗[21]、中国[22]、日本也有分布，最北可至阿拉斯加与格陵兰[23][24]，并已作为外来种被引入澳洲[25][26]、新西兰[27]与南美洲的智利[28]。二战以前卷缘桩菇在中欧与东欧都被认为在烹煮过可食[7][19]，仅知生食后可能引起肠胃症状[9]，但1944年德国真菌学家尤利乌斯·舍费尔（英语：Julius Schäffer）食用此菌后中毒身亡[19][29]，后来研究发现卷缘桩菇的一个抗原可激活自体免疫反应，使人体的免疫系统攻击自身的红血球，以致自体免疫性溶血，多发生在长期食用此菌者[9][30]。1990年代起本种逐渐被列为不可食用的蕈类[31]，但东欧每年仍每年有人食用此菌后中毒而死[32][33][34][35]。

参考文献

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  2. ^ Agaricus adscendibus Bolton. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2011-07-15]. 
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  30. ^ Flammer, René. [Paxillus syndrome: immunohemolysis following repeated mushroom ingestion]. Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis. 1985, 74 (37): 997–99. PMID 4059740 （德语）. 
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