說明:愛爾蘭語國際音標

這頁是維基百科的愛爾蘭語國際音標發音指南。

H:IPA-GA

下列圖表展示了國際音標（IPA）在維基百科條目中表示愛爾蘭語發音的方式。對於有關在維基百科條目中添加IPA字符的指南，請參見{{IPA-ga}}、{{IPAc-ga}}與Wikipedia:格式手冊/音標 § Notes。

請參閱愛爾蘭語音系以更全面地了解愛爾蘭語的發音。

圖表

輔音^[1]
寬輔音			窄輔音
IPA	示例	英語及其他語言中的近似發音	IPA	示例	英語中的近似發音
bˠ	bain, scuab	boot	bʲ	béal, cnáib	beautiful
d̪ˠ	dorn, nead	do (但是為齒音), though (愛爾蘭英語)	dʲ	dearg, cuid	media
fˠ	fós, graf, pholl	fool	fʲ	fíon, stuif, phríosún	fuel
ɡ	gasúr, bog	goose	ɟ	geata, carraig	argue
ɣ	dhorn, ghasúr	西班牙語 higo	j^[2]	dhearg, gheata	yellow
h^[3]	Shasana, shean, thaisce, theanga, hata, na héisc	hand	不適用
k	cáis, mac	cart	c	ceist, mic	cube
l̪ˠ^[4]	labhair, balla	filth	l̠ʲ^[4]	leabhair, goilleadh	million
lˠ^[4]	fhlaith, bealach	pool	lʲ^[4]	fhleasc, goile	leaf
mˠ	mór, am	moot	mʲ	milis, im	mute
n̪ˠ^[5]	naoi, donna	tenth	n̠ʲ^[5]	ní, bainne	inch
nˠ^[5]	dona	noon	nʲ^[5]	bainis	opinion
ŋ	ngasúr	long	ɲ	ngeata	angular
pˠ	poll, stop	poor	pʲ	príosún, truip	pure
ɾˠ	barr, carr	rule (但是為閃音)	ɾʲ	fhréamh, tirim	real (但是為閃音)
sˠ	Sasana, tús, speal	soon	ʃ	sean, cáis	sheet
t̪ˠ	taisce, ceart	tool (但是為齒音), thorn (愛爾蘭英語)	tʲ	tír, beirt	tune (非yod脫落（英語：英语复辅音音系史）口音)
w^[6]	bhain, dubh, mhór, léamh, vóta	wood 或 voodoo	vʲ	bhéal, sibh, mhilis, nimh, veidhlín	view
x	cháis, taoiseach	loch (蘇格蘭英語)	ç	cheist, deich, theann, theocht, thiúilip, thiocfadh, thiubh	hue (pronounced strongly)

元音
IPA	示例	英語中的近似發音	IPA	示例	英語中的近似發音
a	mac	trap	aː	tá	father
ɛ	ceist	best	eː	mé, gael	pay
ɪ	ith, duine	kit	iː	mín, naoi	mean
ɔ	olc, deoch	core	oː	bó, ceol	roll
ʊ	dubh, fliuch	good	uː	tú	too
ə	solas, milis	sofa	不適用

雙元音
IPA	示例	英語中的近似發音
iə^[7]	bia	idea
uə^[7]	fuar	truant
əi^[7]	saghas	light
əu^[7]	leabhar	about

超音段音位
IPA	解釋
ˈ	主重音 (置於重讀音節前)；通常為第一個音節，芒斯特方言（英語：Munster Irish）除外
ˌ	次重音 (通常只在合成詞中)

各類音標系統比較

各類資料中使用的音標系統會與維基百科有出入。例如，長期以來的傳統是不標記軟齶化（「寬」）輔音，但用角分符號標記齶化（「窄」）輔音，但這不是標準的IPA用法。

本節將維基百科使用的IPA系統（基於Ailbhe Ní Chasaide在《國際語音學學會手冊》 (ISBN 0-521-63751-1) 中對愛爾蘭語的描述）與其他資料中使用的音標系統進行比較。

IPA	Ní Chasaide (1999)^[8] (Gweedore)	Quiggin (1906)^[9] (Glenties)	Breatnach (1947)^[10] (Ring)	Ó Sé (2000)^[11] (Dingle Peninsula)	Mhac an Fhailigh (1968)^[12] (Erris)	Ó Siadhail (1988)^[13] (Cois Fharraige)	Foclóir Póca (1993)^[14] (Lárchanúint)
a	a	æ, α	a	a	a	æ:, a:	a
aː	æ	α:	a:	ɑː	a:	ɑ:	a:
bˠ	bˠ	b	b	b	b	b	b
bʲ	bʲ	b′	b′	b′	b′	b′	b′
c	c	k′	k′	k′	k′	k′	k′
ç	ç	ç	ç	x′	ç	x′	x′
d̪ˠ	d̪ˠ	d	d	d	d	d	d
dʲ	d̠ʲ	d′	d′	d′	d′	d′	d′
eː	e	e:	e:	eː	e:	e:	e:
ɛ	ɛ	ɛ, e	e	e	e	e	e
ə	ə	ə	ə	ə, ɪ	ə	ə	ə
əi	—	αi	əi	ai	əi	ai	ai
əu	au	αu	əu	ou	əu	au	au
fˠ	fˠ	f	f	f	f	f	f
fʲ	fʲ	f′	f′	f′	f′	f′	f′
ɡ	ɡ	g	g	ɡ	g	g	g
ɣ	ɣ	ℊ	γ	ɣ	ɣ	ɣ	γ
h	h	h	h, h′	h	h	h	h
iː	i	i:	i:	iː	i:	i:	i:
ɪ	ɪ	ï, i, y	i	i	i	i	i
iə	ia	iə	iə	iːə	iə	i:ə	iə
j	j	j	j	ɣ′	j	ɣ′	γ′
ɟ	ɟ	g′	g′	ɡ′	g′	g′	g′
k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k
l̪ˠ	l̪ˠ	L	l	l	L	L	l
lˠ	l̪ˠ	l	l	l	l	L	l
l̠ʲ	l̠ʲ	L′	l′	l′	L′	L′	l′
lʲ	l	l′	l′	l′	l′	l′	l′
mˠ	mˠ	m	m	m	m	m	m
mʲ	mʲ	m′	m′	m′	m′	m′	m′
n̪ˠ	n̪ˠ	N	n	n	N	N	n
nˠ	n	n	n	n	n	N	n
n̠ʲ	n̠ʲ	N′	n′	n′	N′	N′	n′
nʲ	n̠ʲ	n′	n′	n′	n′	n′	n′
ɲ	ɲ	ɲ	ŋ′	ŋ′	ŋ′	ŋ′	ŋ′
ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ
oː	o	o:, ɔ:	o:	oː	o:	o:	o:
ɔ	ʌ	ɔ, o̤	o	o	o	o	o
pˠ	pˠ	p	p	p	p	p	p
pʲ	pʲ	p′	p′	p′	p′	p′	p′
ɾˠ	ɾˠ	r, R	r	r	r	r	r
ɾʲ	ɾʲ	r′	r′	r′	r′	r′	r′
sˠ	sˠ	s	s	s	s	s	s
ʃ	ɕ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	s′	s′
t̪ˠ	t̪ˠ	t	t	t	t	t	t
tʲ	t̠ʲ	t′	t′	t′	t′	t′	t′
uː	u	u:	u:	uː	u:	u:	u:
ʊ	ɤ	U	u	u	u	u	u
uə	ua	uə	uə	uːə	uə	u:ə	uə
vʲ	vʲ	v	v′	v′	v′	w′	v′
w	w	w	v	v	w	w	v
x	x	χ	x	x	x	x	x

註釋

^ Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.
^ Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.
^ /h/ is neither broad nor slender.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.
^ [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].
^ Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
^ Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906.
^ Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.
^ Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （Irish）.
^ Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.
^ Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.
^ Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.

外部連結

Irish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Irish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription

[1] Irish makes contrasts between velarized ("broad") and palatalized ("slender") consonants. Velarized consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ˠ› (that is not a capital Y but a Latin letter, based on a Greek lowercase gamma, ‹γ›), are pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the velum, which happens to the /l/ in English pill in some accents like RP and General American but not Hiberno-English. In Irish orthography, broad consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹a›, ‹o›, ‹u›. Slender consonants, denoted in the IPA by a superscript ‹ʲ›, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate like the articulation of the ‹y› sound in yes. In Irish orthography, slender consonants are surrounded by the letters ‹e› and ‹i›.

[2] Also [ʝ] in some positions in some dialects.

[h-3] /h/ is neither broad nor slender.

[l-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of L sound. Most dialects have merged /l̪ˠ/ and /lˠ/ as [l̪ˠ], and some have also merged /l̠ʲ/ and /lʲ/ as [lʲ]. Still others have merged /lˠ/ and /lʲ/ as [l].

[n-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 Few, if any, modern dialects of Irish distinguish all four types of N sound. Most dialects have merged /n̪ˠ/ and /nˠ/ as [n̪ˠ], and some have also merged /n̠ʲ/ and /nʲ/ as [nʲ]. Still others have merged /nˠ/ and /nʲ/ as [n]. In parts of Munster, /n̠ʲ/ has merged with /ɲ/ in non-initial position.

[6] [w~βˠ~vˠ] depending on dialect and position.

[diph-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 All Irish diphthongs have falling sonority; they could therefore more precisely be transliterated as [iə̯, uə̯, əi̯, əu̯].

[8] Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe. Irish (PDF). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1999: 111–116. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.

[9] Quiggin, E. C. A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1906.

[10] Breatnach, Risteard B. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1947. ISBN 0-901282-50-2.

[11] Ó Sé, Diarmuid. Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne. Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann. 2000. ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （Irish）.

[12] Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. 1968. ISBN 0-901282-02-2.

[13] Ó Siadhail, Mícheál. Learning Irish: An Introductory Self-tutor. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-300-04224-8.

[14] Foclóir póca: English-Irish/Irish-English dictionary. Dublin: An Gúm. 1993. ISBN 1-85791-047-8.

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比較	英語國際音標慣例（英語：Help:IPA/Conventions for English）發音重拼英語發音重拼
入門指南	IPA符號格式手冊：音標