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耶路撒冷大穆夫提

維基百科，自由的百科全書
耶路撒冷大穆夫提穆罕默德·艾哈邁德·侯賽因（英語：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）（2006年至今）

耶路撒冷大穆夫提（英語：Grand Mufti of Jerusalem；阿拉伯語：مفتي القدس‎）是遜尼派穆斯林神職，負責管理耶路撒冷的伊斯蘭聖地，如阿克薩清真寺。[1]1918年，英國駐耶路撒冷軍政府長官托爾斯（英語：Ronald Storrs）設立該職。[2][3]2006年以來，耶路撒冷大穆夫提一直由巴勒斯坦總統馬哈茂德·阿巴斯任命的穆罕默德·艾哈邁德·侯賽因（英語：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）擔任。

歷史

英國巴勒斯坦託管地

英國託管巴勒斯坦託管時期，英國設立耶路撒冷大穆夫提一職[2]，以「提高官方地位」。[4]

1921年，卡米爾·侯賽尼（英語：Kamil_al-Husayni）去世後，英國託管地高級專員赫伯特·塞繆爾委任阿明·侯賽尼為耶路撒冷大穆夫提。阿明·侯賽尼是耶路撒冷侯賽尼家族的成員，也是巴勒斯坦託管地的阿拉伯民族主義者和穆斯林領袖。1938至45年戰爭期間，侯賽尼是暴力對抗錫安主義的重要人物，並與德國納粹緊密結盟。1948年，約旦佔領耶路撒冷後，約旦國王阿卜杜拉一世解除侯賽尼職務，禁止他進入耶路撒冷，並任命Hussam ad-Din Jarallah（英語：Hussam ad-Din Jarallah）為耶路撒冷大穆夫提。1952年，Jarallah（英語：Hussam ad-Din Jarallah）去世後，約旦任命Saad al-Alami（英語：Saad al-Alami）繼任。[5]1993年，Saad al-Alami（英語：Saad al-Alami）去世後，Sulaiman Ja'abari（英語：Sulaiman Ja'abari）繼任。[6]

巴勒斯坦自治政府

1994年，Sulaiman Ja'abari（英語：Sulaiman Ja'abari）去世後，2名對立的穆夫提獲得任命：巴勒斯坦自治政府任命埃克里姆·薩基德·薩布里（英語：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri），而約旦則任命Abdul Qader Abdeen（英語：Abdul Qader Abdeen）。[7][8]這反映了《奧斯陸協議》和《約以和約》間的競逐。《奧斯陸協議》設想以色列將權力移交給巴勒斯坦權力機構，而《約以和約》中以色列則承認約旦哈希姆家族的耶路撒冷聖地監護權。[8]巴勒斯坦當地穆斯林支持巴勒斯坦民族權力機構，反對約旦干涉；薩布里（英語：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri）的高人氣意味着Abdeen（英語：Abdul Qader Abdeen）的宣稱「很快就完全消失了」[8]。1998年，Abdeen（英語：Abdul Qader Abdeen）正式去職。[9]

2006年，出於擔憂薩布里（英語：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri）的政治干涉，巴勒斯坦權力機構主席馬哈茂德·阿巴斯免職薩布里（英語：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri）。[10]阿巴斯任命溫和派穆罕默德·艾哈邁德·侯賽因（英語：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）。然而，穆罕默德·艾哈邁德·侯賽因（英語：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）上任後不久發表評論，暗示巴勒斯坦人針對以色列的自殺攻擊是可接受的。[10]

列表

參見

參考

文獻

註腳

  1. ^ Friedman, Robert I. And Darkness Covered the Land. The Nation. 2001-12-06 [2007-09-13]. （原始內容存檔於2007-11-18）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 See Islamic Leadership in Jerusalem for further details
  3. ^ The terminology was used as early as 1918. For example: Taysīr Jabārah. Palestinian Leader Hajj Amin Al-Husayni: Mufti of Jerusalem. Kingston Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-940670-10-5.  states that Storrs wrote on November 19, 1918 "the Muslim element requested the Grand Mufti to have the name of the Sharif of Mecca mentioned in the Friday prayers as Caliph"
  4. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement. Brill Archive. 1 January 1980: 68. ISBN 90-04-06167-3. 
  5. ^ Obituary: Saad al-Alami. The Independent. February 10, 1993 [2023-10-24]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-30）. 
  6. ^ Blum, Yehuda Z. From Camp David to Oslo. Israel Law Review. 1994, 28 (2–3): note 20. S2CID 147907987. doi:10.1017/S0021223700011638. the Mufti of Jerusalem died in the summer of 1994 and the Government of Jordan appointed his successor (as it had done since 1948, including the period since 1967)  [reprinted in Blum, Yehuda Zvi. Will "justice" bring peace? : international law-selected articles and legal opinions. Leiden: Brill. 2016: 243–265. ISBN 9789004233959. doi:10.1163/9789004233959_016. ]
  7. ^ Rowley, Storer H. Storer. Now Muslims Argue Over Jerusalem. Chicago Tribune. 6 November 1994 [2 October 2021]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-31）. ; Ghazali, Said. Activist Mufti Sees Himself as Warrior for Jerusalem. Associated Press. 6 March 1995 [2 October 2021]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Wasserstein, Bernard. https://archive.org/details/dividedjerusalem0000wass_p8d4/page/338 |chapterurl=缺少標題 (幫助). The battle of the muftis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2008: 338–341. ISBN 978-0-300-13763-7. JSTOR registration. 
  9. ^ Rekhess, Elie. https://books.google.com/books?id=qOf7tKmL_SAC&pg=PA274 |chapterurl=缺少標題 (幫助). Mayer, Tamar; Mourad, Suleiman A. (編). The Palestinian Political Leadership in East Jerusalem After 1967. Routledge. 9 May 2008: 274–275. ISBN 978-1-134-10287-7 （英語）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Yaniv Berman, "Top Palestinian Muslim Cleric Okays Suicide Bombings" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Media Line, 23 October 2006.
  11. ^ An answer in the Commons to a question on notice, given by the Secretary of State for the Colonies （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）:
    Mr. Hammersley asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies why no appointment has yet been made to fill the posts of Mufti of Jerusalem and President of the Moslem Supreme Council?
    Colonel Stanley. An important distinction must be drawn between the two offices referred to by my hon. Friend. The post of Mufti of Jerusalem is a purely religious office with no powers or administrative functions, and was held by Haj Amin before he was given the secular appointment of President of the Supreme Moslem Council. In 1937 Haj Amin was deprived of his secular appointment and administrative functions, but no action was taken regarding the religious office of Mufti, as no legal machinery in fact exists for the formal deposition of the holder, nor is there any known precedent for such deposition. Haj Amin is thus technically still Mufti of Jerusalem, but the fact that there is no intention of allowing Haj Amin, who has openly joined the enemy, to return to Palestine in any circumstances clearly reduces the importance of the technical point.
  12. ^ Zvi Elpeleg's "The Grand Mufti", page 48: "officially he now retained only the title of Mufti (following the Ottoman practice, this had been granted for life)"
  13. ^ Nazzal 1997 p.xxiii
  14. ^ Nazzal 1997 pp. p.34
  15. ^ Saad al-Alami Dead; Jerusalem Cleric, 82. The New York Times. 1993-02-07 [2015-10-22]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-30）. 
  16. ^ Nazzal 1997 pp. xlix, 110
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Nazzal 1997 p.lvii
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