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耶路撒冷大穆夫提

维基百科，自由的百科全书
耶路撒冷大穆夫提穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·侯赛因（英语：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）（2006年至今）

耶路撒冷大穆夫提（英語：Grand Mufti of Jerusalem；阿拉伯语：مفتي القدس‎）是逊尼派穆斯林神职，负责管理耶路撒冷的伊斯兰聖地，如阿克萨清真寺。[1]1918年，英國駐耶路撒冷軍政府長官托爾斯（英语：Ronald Storrs）设立該職。[2][3]2006年以来，耶路撒冷大穆夫提一直由巴勒斯坦总统马哈茂德·阿巴斯任命的穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·侯赛因（英语：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）擔任。

历史

英国巴勒斯坦託管地

英國託管巴勒斯坦託管时期，英国设立耶路撒冷大穆夫提一职[2]，以“提高官方地位”。[4]

1921年，卡米尔·侯赛尼（英语：Kamil_al-Husayni）去世后，英国托管地高级专员赫伯特·塞缪尔委任阿明·侯赛尼为耶路撒冷大穆夫提。阿明·侯赛尼是耶路撒冷侯赛尼家族的成员，也是巴勒斯坦託管地的阿拉伯民族主义者和穆斯林领袖。1938至45年战争期间，侯赛尼是暴力對抗錫安主义的重要人物，并与德國纳粹紧密结盟。1948年，约旦占领耶路撒冷后，约旦国王阿卜杜拉一世解除侯赛尼职务，禁止他进入耶路撒冷，并任命Hussam ad-Din Jarallah（英语：Hussam ad-Din Jarallah）为耶路撒冷大穆夫提。1952年，Jarallah（英语：Hussam ad-Din Jarallah）去世后，约旦任命Saad al-Alami（英语：Saad al-Alami）继任。[5]1993年，Saad al-Alami（英语：Saad al-Alami）去世后，Sulaiman Ja'abari（英语：Sulaiman Ja'abari）繼任。[6]

巴勒斯坦民族权力机构

1994年，Sulaiman Ja'abari（英语：Sulaiman Ja'abari）去世后，2名對立的穆夫提獲得任命：巴勒斯坦民族权力机构任命埃克里姆·萨基德·萨布里（英语：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri），而约旦则任命Abdul Qader Abdeen（英语：Abdul Qader Abdeen）。[7][8]这反映了《奥斯陆协议》和《约以和约》间的競逐。《奥斯陆协议》设想以色列将权力移交给巴勒斯坦权力机构，而《约以和约》中以色列则承认約旦哈希姆家族的耶路撒冷圣地监护权。[8]巴勒斯坦當地穆斯林支持巴勒斯坦民族權力機構，反對约旦干涉；萨布里（英语：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri）的高人氣意味着Abdeen（英语：Abdul Qader Abdeen）的宣稱“很快就完全消失了”[8]。1998年，Abdeen（英语：Abdul Qader Abdeen）正式去職。[9]

2006年，出於擔憂萨布里（英语：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri）的政治干涉，巴勒斯坦权力机构主席马哈茂德·阿巴斯免职萨布里（英语：Ekrima Sa'id Sabri）。[10]阿巴斯任命温和派穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·侯赛因（英语：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）。然而，穆罕默德·艾哈迈德·侯赛因（英语：Muhammad Ahmad Hussein）上任后不久发表评论，暗示巴勒斯坦人针对以色列的自杀攻擊是可接受的。[10]

列表

參見

參考

文獻

註腳

  1. ^ Friedman, Robert I. And Darkness Covered the Land. The Nation. 2001-12-06 [2007-09-13]. （原始内容存档于2007-11-18）. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 See Islamic Leadership in Jerusalem for further details
  3. ^ The terminology was used as early as 1918. For example: Taysīr Jabārah. Palestinian Leader Hajj Amin Al-Husayni: Mufti of Jerusalem. Kingston Press. 1985. ISBN 978-0-940670-10-5.  states that Storrs wrote on November 19, 1918 "the Muslim element requested the Grand Mufti to have the name of the Sharif of Mecca mentioned in the Friday prayers as Caliph"
  4. ^ The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement. Brill Archive. 1 January 1980: 68. ISBN 90-04-06167-3. 
  5. ^ Obituary: Saad al-Alami. The Independent. February 10, 1993 [2023-10-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-30）. 
  6. ^ Blum, Yehuda Z. From Camp David to Oslo. Israel Law Review. 1994, 28 (2–3): note 20. S2CID 147907987. doi:10.1017/S0021223700011638. the Mufti of Jerusalem died in the summer of 1994 and the Government of Jordan appointed his successor (as it had done since 1948, including the period since 1967)  [reprinted in Blum, Yehuda Zvi. Will "justice" bring peace? : international law-selected articles and legal opinions. Leiden: Brill. 2016: 243–265. ISBN 9789004233959. doi:10.1163/9789004233959_016. ]
  7. ^ Rowley, Storer H. Storer. Now Muslims Argue Over Jerusalem. Chicago Tribune. 6 November 1994 [2 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-31）. ; Ghazali, Said. Activist Mufti Sees Himself as Warrior for Jerusalem. Associated Press. 6 March 1995 [2 October 2021]. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Wasserstein, Bernard. https://archive.org/details/dividedjerusalem0000wass_p8d4/page/338 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). The battle of the muftis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2008: 338–341. ISBN 978-0-300-13763-7. JSTOR registration. 
  9. ^ Rekhess, Elie. https://books.google.com/books?id=qOf7tKmL_SAC&pg=PA274 |chapterurl=缺少标题 (帮助). Mayer, Tamar; Mourad, Suleiman A. (编). The Palestinian Political Leadership in East Jerusalem After 1967. Routledge. 9 May 2008: 274–275. ISBN 978-1-134-10287-7 （英语）. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Yaniv Berman, "Top Palestinian Muslim Cleric Okays Suicide Bombings" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Media Line, 23 October 2006.
  11. ^ An answer in the Commons to a question on notice, given by the Secretary of State for the Colonies （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）:
    Mr. Hammersley asked the Secretary of State for the Colonies why no appointment has yet been made to fill the posts of Mufti of Jerusalem and President of the Moslem Supreme Council?
    Colonel Stanley. An important distinction must be drawn between the two offices referred to by my hon. Friend. The post of Mufti of Jerusalem is a purely religious office with no powers or administrative functions, and was held by Haj Amin before he was given the secular appointment of President of the Supreme Moslem Council. In 1937 Haj Amin was deprived of his secular appointment and administrative functions, but no action was taken regarding the religious office of Mufti, as no legal machinery in fact exists for the formal deposition of the holder, nor is there any known precedent for such deposition. Haj Amin is thus technically still Mufti of Jerusalem, but the fact that there is no intention of allowing Haj Amin, who has openly joined the enemy, to return to Palestine in any circumstances clearly reduces the importance of the technical point.
  12. ^ Zvi Elpeleg's "The Grand Mufti", page 48: "officially he now retained only the title of Mufti (following the Ottoman practice, this had been granted for life)"
  13. ^ Nazzal 1997 p.xxiii
  14. ^ Nazzal 1997 pp. p.34
  15. ^ Saad al-Alami Dead; Jerusalem Cleric, 82. The New York Times. 1993-02-07 [2015-10-22]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2019-03-30）. 
  16. ^ Nazzal 1997 pp. xlix, 110
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Nazzal 1997 p.lvii
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