匹茲堡猶太教堂槍擊案
匹茲堡猶太教堂槍擊案 | |
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位置 | 美國賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡松鼠山 |
座標 | 40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W |
日期 | 2018年10月27日 |
目標 | 生命之樹–歡樂之光猶太教堂 |
武器 | |
死亡 | 11 |
疑犯 | 羅伯特·鮑爾斯[3][4] |
動機 | 反猶太主義[5] |
系列條目 |
反猶太主義 |
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分類 |
匹茲堡猶太教堂槍擊案是2018年10月27日發生在美國賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡的一起大規模槍擊事件[6][7][8]。案發地點為生命之樹-歡樂之光猶太教堂(英語:Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation,希伯來語:קהילת עץ החיים – אור לשמחה,羅馬化:Ḳehilat ʻEts ha-Ḥayim – ʼOr le-Śimḥah)。當局報告11人死亡,6人受傷,傷者包括4名警察[9]。現年46歲的嫌犯羅伯特·鮑爾斯(Robert G. Bowers)已被逮捕,並被控以29項聯邦罪與36項州罪[10][11]。槍擊案發生時,猶太教堂正舉行安息日聚會及嬰兒割禮儀式[1][12]。反誹謗聯盟表示這起槍擊案是美國史上對猶太人最嚴重的一次攻擊事件[13]。
背景
生命之樹-歡樂之光猶太教堂(Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation)是猶太教保守派會堂[14]。會堂位於賓夕法尼亞州匹茲堡松鼠山區,卡內基·梅隆大學以東1英里(1.6公里),匹茲堡市中心以東5英里(8公里),自稱「傳統、進步、平等的猶太教堂」[14][1]。松鼠山是美國最大的猶太人聚居社區,歷史上曾是匹茲堡猶太社區腹地,全市26%的猶太人口都住在該地區[15][16][17]。
生命之樹於1864年在匹茲堡市中心成立,最初是猶太教正統派教堂。2010年歡樂之光猶太教堂併入後,現在的教堂正式成立[18]。如今的現代猶太教堂建築,位於威爾金斯大道(Wilkins Avenue)和陰涼大道(Shady Avenue)交匯處,建於1953年。部分空間由猶太教重建派多哈達什(Dor Hadash)和保守派新光(New Light)租用[19][20][21]。主聖所可容納1250人[22]。
儘管松鼠山治安案件少,沒有種族緊張的跡象,當地還是於1986年發生了反猶太主義仇恨犯罪事件,導致當地的拉比學生尼爾·羅森布魯姆被謀殺[23]。
事件
美國東部時間上午9點50分,一名留着鬍鬚、體形魁梧的白人男子進入教堂。他大喊「猶太人都得死」後開槍,槍聲持續了20分鐘[20][24]。警方介紹,槍手配備一把柯爾特AR-15半自動步槍(官方稱「突擊步槍」[25])和三把格洛格.357 SIG半自動手槍,四把槍都被他開過火[11][1][26][27]。匹茲堡猶太人聯合會一名成員告訴記者,教堂當時除了舉行日常的晨間禮拜,還有慶祝新生命的割禮儀式[1][11]以及為一對同性戀夫婦最近收養的一對雙胞胎舉行的新生命命名儀式[28],有60到100人出席[29][30]。到上午9點54分,警方接到受困於教堂的人士報警[5][31]。
上午9點59分,警方抵達現場[31][32]。槍手從教堂內向警方開槍,打傷了兩名警察。警方還擊,致使槍手撤退到樓內[33]。到10點30分,特勤隊員進入大樓,遭到槍手火力抵抗。警方開火還擊,打傷了槍手,槍手撤退到三樓一個房間[31]。兩名特種武器和戰術部隊隊員在交火中受傷,另有一人傷勢嚴重[33]。11點8分,槍手爬出房間宣佈投降[34]。根據阿利根尼縣的刑事訴訟文件,在警方扣押下接受治療時,他還不忘提醒特勤隊員他「希望猶太人都去死」,猶太人「對他的同胞進行種族滅絕」[35]。
遇難者
事件導致11人罹難[36][37][38],其中3人死在一樓,4人死在地下室[39]。死者中有兩對兄弟和一對夫妻[24][40]。另外至少6人受傷,包括4名警察[5]。大多數受害者被送往匹茲堡大學醫療中心和匹茲堡大學醫療中心梅西分院。嫌犯則被送到阿利根尼綜合醫院[5][41][42]。遇難者名單如下[36][37][38][43][44]:
- 喬伊斯·菲恩伯格(Joyce Fienberg),75歲
- 里奇·戈特弗里德(Rich Gottfried),65歲
- 羅斯·馬林格(Rose Mallinger),97歲
- 傑里·拉比諾維茨(Jerry Rabinowitz),66歲
- 塞西爾·羅森塔爾(Cecil Rosenthal),59歲
- 大衛·羅森塔爾(David Rosenthal),54歲
- 伯尼斯·西蒙(Bernice Simon),84歲
- 西爾萬·西蒙(Sylvan Simon),86歲
- 丹尼爾·斯坦恩(Daniel Stein),71歲
- 梅爾文·瓦斯(Melvin Wax),88歲
- 歐文·揚格(Irving Younger),69歲
嫌犯
槍手羅伯特·格列高利·鮑爾斯(Robert Gregory Bowers,1972年9月4日 - )[10][45][46],46歲,賓夕法尼亞州鮑德溫 (賓夕法尼亞州)居民[47][48][3][49]。鄰居說他是「幽靈」,很少和其他人交流[47]。
Gab被認為是新納粹主義、白人至上主義和另類右翼的「避風港」[50][50]。2018年1月,鮑爾斯在該網站註冊賬號,帳號名「onedingo」。帳號描述寫道:「猶太是撒旦的孩子(約翰 8:44)。主耶穌基督已經成了肉身。」封面圖片是數字1488,這是新納粹主義者和白人至上主義對大衛·萊恩的十四字真言和納粹黨口號希特拉萬歲的回應。鮑爾斯還力挺白人種族大清洗陰謀論。鮑爾斯還認為QAnon的支持者被「蠱惑」或戲弄[51][52][53]。他還轉發了其他反猶太人、新納粹主義和猶太人大屠殺否定論者的帖子[54][55][56],並批評總統當勞·特朗普是全球主義者,不是民族主義者[57],應該被猶太人包圍控制[58]。在另一篇貼文中,他寫道:「只要猶太佬一天泛濫,讓美國再次偉大就不可能實現」[49]。其他貼文則是攻擊非裔美國人的種族辱罵,還有私刑圖片及攻擊和黑人男子發生關係的女性的文字[59]。他還利用網絡賬戶發佈針對投資者兼慈善家喬治·索羅斯的陰謀論[60] 。
事發一個月前,鮑爾斯便發佈圖片炫耀打靶練習成果,還曬出三把手槍,叫它們格洛克家族[55]。這三把手槍分別是格洛克31、格洛克32和格洛克33.357 SIG手槍[54]。到了事發前數周,鮑爾斯發佈反猶太人帖子,矛頭直指生命之樹教會有份參與的希伯來移民援助協會國家難民安息日活動。活動於10月19日到20日舉行[61][62][63][64]。他表示猶太人幫助中美洲移民人龍前往美國邊境,稱這些移民是「入侵者」[65]。事發前不久,他在Gab上表示「希伯來移民援助協會想帶點移民過來,殺害我們的人民。我絕不會袖手旁觀,看着我的同胞被凌辱。擦亮雙眼,等着看我的好戲[66][67][49]!」南方貧困法律中心表示:「擦亮雙眼自2017年團結右翼集會以來白人民族主義運動內對如何最好地將信息傳達給大眾的分歧不斷蔓延[68]。」
案發後,Gab聯繫美國聯邦調查局,暫停鮑爾斯的賬號,承諾協助調查[51][56]。之後,PayPal、Stripe、Joyent和Medium取消了對Gab的支持,Gab域名提供商GoDaddy要求Gab將域名託管移到其他服務供應商,以便在短期內關閉Gab[69]。
刑事指控和訴訟
鮑爾斯被美國司法部控以29項聯邦罪名[10][11][70],包括11項阻礙宗教信仰行為致人死亡罪、11項在暴力犯罪期間使用槍支實行謀殺罪、4項阻礙宗教信仰行為致使公共安全官員身體受傷罪、3項在暴力犯罪期間使用和發射槍支罪[24][70][71][72]。
暴力犯罪的依據是禁止仇恨犯罪的聯邦民權法[72]。
鮑爾斯還被控36項州刑事罪名、11項刑事謀殺罪、6項嚴重襲擊罪、6項刑事謀殺未遂罪和13項種族恐嚇罪[10][11]。
10月29日,鮑爾斯到美國賓夕法尼亞西區聯邦地區法院出席聽證會。法院為他指定了一名律師,他在沒有保釋的前提下,被還押到美國法警處,輪候進一步聽證[73]。
2023年8月2日,陪審團裁定鮑爾斯有犯63項罪名,並建議將他判處死刑。[74]陪審團一致認為,鮑爾斯的襲擊是出於對猶太人的仇恨,他選擇生命之樹是因為它位於美國最大、最具歷史意義的猶太社區之一,以「最大限度地造成破壞,擴大對猶太人的傷害,他的罪行造成的傷害,並在當地、國家和國際猶太社區中灌輸恐懼」,並認為鮑爾斯缺乏悔意。[75]
各方回應
美國
總統當勞·特朗普、賓夕法尼亞州州長湯姆·沃爾夫和他的競選搭檔、布雷多克市長約翰·費特曼及匹茲堡市議員科里·奧康納(Corey O' Connor)在Twitter發表事件聲明[76]。特朗普表示槍擊案是「純粹邪惡」的反猶太主義行為[76]。他認為事件是可以預防的:「如果教堂內有一位武裝警衛,他們本可以阻止他」[77][78][79]。他建議要對此類案件採取死刑的懲罰[79]。
美國公民自由聯盟的塞西莉亞·王(Cecilia Wang)認為事件及最近的其他騷亂,均是受到特朗普言論的鼓動[80]。副總統邁克·彭斯在當晚接受NBC新聞採訪是,否認事件和特朗普言論有牽連[81][82]。包括當地猶太社群在內的2000人舉行示威,抗議特朗普的言論。他們高喊「言出必行」,舉着「我們要建橋,不要建圍牆」等標語[83]。
10月27日到31日,公共和軍事領域為遇難者下半旗致哀[84]。
國際
以色列總理班傑明·內塔尼亞胡譴責事件是「可怕的反猶太人的暴行」,「所有以色列人都和死者家屬沉浸在悲傷中」[85][86][87][88]。以色列教育和僑民事務部部長納夫特利·本內特隨即趕往匹茲堡,探訪事發教堂,慰問社群成員,出席遇難者葬禮[89]。他指示僑民事務部「評估並準備協助匹茲堡猶太社區」,其中指揮急救救援及康復小隊前往當地提供心理和社群重建援助[90][91][92]。10月28日,以色列政府為遇難者舉行默哀儀式[93]。
以色列大拉比大衛·勞表示:「在世上任何一個地方謀殺猶太人都是不可原諒的」[94]。他認為事發地是「猶太氣息濃厚的寶地」[95]。許多報道聲稱大衛·勞拒絕稱非正統的保守派堂會「猶太教堂」,勞慷慨激昂地說到:「他們(遇難者)去什麼樣的猶太教堂,出席什麼樣的禮拜儀式,又有什麼重要的呢?」然而,著名的非正統以色列宗教領袖和學者都不接受勞的聲明[96][97][98]。
特拉維夫-雅法市用美國國旗顏色照亮市政廳大樓,表示和襲擊遇難者團結一致[99][100]。耶路撒冷將以色列國旗和美國國旗並排投影到西牆上[101]。
教宗方濟各在10月28日星期日聖伯多祿廣場的禮拜活動上,譴責「不人道的暴力行為」,帶領信眾為死者和傷者及其家屬祈禱[102]。
伊朗外交部長穆罕默德·賈瓦德·扎里夫向遇難者表示哀悼,指出「極端主義和恐怖主義不堪種族或宗教,無論如何都要受到譴責[103]。」哈馬斯也表示哀悼並譴責襲擊[104]。
當地
案發後不久,卡內基·梅隆大學封鎖校園,暫停所有活動[21]。同時警方建議居民留在家中,遠離街道[39]。
匹茲堡猶太社群各大教派人士參加了當地的猶太哀悼儀式,人數眾多,非比尋常。按照猶太教傳統,遺體入土前須由別人守衛。在匹茲堡太平間,志願守衛隊每一個小時輪班一次,直至遺體被搬到殯儀館。《大西洋》報道,「大部分志願者似乎是東正教徒,受槍擊事件的直接影響,和自由派社群團結一致[106]。」
10月30日星期二,匹茲堡鋼人球員趁國家欖球聯盟常規停賽期,出席羅森塔爾兄弟的葬禮。兄弟倆身患智力障礙,他們的一個姐妹之前是球隊的員工[107]。
守夜儀式和集會
案發後,3000多人到松鼠山默里和福布斯大道交匯處,參加由附近的泰勒·奧爾德迪斯高中學生組織的跨宗教燭光集會[108]。另兩場燭光集會也在社區內舉行[11]。
翌日,當地猶太人聯合會在士兵和水手紀念館舉行跨宗教燭光集會,約2500名民眾到場出席[109]。多位國家和地方政要出席儀式,會上發言者包括事發猶太教堂所屬三大會眾的拉比、伊斯蘭教和基督教神職人員及公民領袖[110]。出席人士還有匹茲堡市長比爾·彼杜托、阿利根尼縣執行官里奇·菲茲傑拉德、參議員鮑伯·凱西和帕特·圖米、以色列教育和僑民事務部部長納夫特利·本內特、以色列駐美國大使羅恩·德默爾和以色列常駐聯合國代表丹尼·丹儂。流媒體直播視頻顯示以色列總統魯文·里夫林[111]發表簡短講話,帶領民眾誦讀《珈底什》[112][113]。
案發翌日及接下來一個星期中,猶太教及跨宗教守夜儀式和團結集會在美國國內外進行[114][115]。其中在美國各地舉行的活動參與人數少則數百人,多則上千人,出席人士包括猶太社區及其他宗教領袖、地方及國家官員[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122]。此外,案發後的幾天中,全國一百多間大學的學生自發舉行守夜活動[123]。
加拿大蒙特爾、渥太華、哈利法克斯和溫哥華等地舉行紀念儀式。10月28日晚以色列耶路撒冷錫安廣場舉行燭光集會,約500名美國人和以色列人參與[115]。英國倫敦、利物浦和布萊頓的猶太人聯合舉行守夜儀式[124]。
在巴黎,改革過的猶太教堂法國猶太自由運動舉行紀念儀式。出席人士布雷斯洛夫的納赫曼拉比名言寫成的歌曲。紀念館外有武裝警衛把守,防止遊客遭到反猶太主義恐怖分子傷害[125]。
媒體和組織
《紐約時報》刊載了反誹謗聯盟總裁喬納森·格林布拉特的社論,文章鼓勵讀者反對反猶太主義和仇恨[126]。
10月28日,帝國大廈大樓熄燈,悼念遇害者。大廈的Twitter賬號表示,在塔尖處留下的橙色燈光象徵着槍支暴力意識[127]。熄燈的還有艾菲爾鐵塔[128]。
為遇難者默哀的球隊包括主場對陣克里夫蘭布朗的匹茲堡鋼人[129]、對陣明尼蘇達維京人的新奧爾良聖徒[130]、對陣溫哥華加人的匹茲堡企鵝[131]、對陣多倫多楓葉的溫尼伯噴射機[132]、在倫敦對陣傑克遜維爾美洲虎的費城老鷹[133]和對陣杜克大學藍魔鬼的匹茲堡大學黑豹[134]。10月27日在道奇體育場舉行的世界系列賽第4場也舉行了默哀儀式[134]。
10月30日,匹茲堡企鵝在對陣紐約島人的比賽上,穿上寫有「強大過仇恨」的球衣。球隊在宣佈賽後將代表猶太教堂拍賣球衣[135]。
總統視察
10月30日,總統當勞·特朗普在第一夫人梅拉尼亞·特朗普、女兒伊萬卡·特朗普、女婿賈里德·庫什納和財政部長史蒂芬·梅努欽的陪同下,到匹茲堡視察。一行人在事發教堂駐足,會見教堂精神領袖傑弗里·梅耶斯(Jeffrey Myers)和以色列駐美國大使羅恩·德默爾。特朗普在前庭為遇難者點燃蠟燭,隨後走到門外,在11位遇難者紀念碑的大衛之星上,分別放上一顆小石頭。石頭由特朗普帶過來,出自白宮地面。隨後,他們前往匹茲堡大學醫療中心長老會分院慰問傷者及其家屬、執法人員和醫護人員[105]。
特朗普的到訪遭到匹茲堡部分居民的勸阻。匹茲堡市長比爾·彼杜托認為特朗普不應該前來,因為傷痕才剛剛留下,社區才開始哀悼和舉行葬禮[136]。阿利根尼縣執行官里奇·菲茲傑拉德同意彼杜托的觀點,也敦促特朗普考慮死者「家屬的意願」[137]。7萬多人簽署聯名公開信,不歡迎特朗普,直到他「徹底譴責白人民族主義」[138]。生命之樹前主席麗奈特·萊德曼(Lynette Lederman)也反對特朗普到訪,認為他的言辭「虛偽」:「人民和我們站在一起,他們不僅相信猶太價值觀,還相信其他價值觀,那些價值觀不包含總統的價值觀,所以我不歡迎他來匹茲堡」[139][140][141]。特朗普到訪前,生命之樹的拉比傑弗里·梅耶斯稱「仇恨還沒有散去,似乎還變糟糕了。我們必須阻止仇恨,不能僅僅在口頭上阻止仇恨。我們必須行動,必須將言辭放低調」。他表示會歡迎特朗普到訪[139]。羅德夫·沙洛姆堂會拉比亞倫·比斯諾(Aaron Bisno)表示,他不認為特朗普的到訪是件好事,社群中許多人認為特朗普是「分裂的象徵」[142]。特朗普到訪教堂期間,約2000名示威者被擋在數個街區外[143]。
眾籌
多項眾籌為倖存者醫療及心理輔導費用、遇難者葬禮和教堂修復提供協助。截至10月30日,GoFundMe的眾籌賬戶已收到90萬美元的款項,而目標為100萬[144]。穆斯林群體發起LaunchGood眾籌活動,為遇難者葬禮和倖存者醫療埋單,資金將由匹茲堡伊斯蘭中心分發[145][146]。截至11月1日,活動籌得款項近22萬美元[147]。大匹茲堡猶太聯盟截至10月29日籌款20.5萬美元,該組織的捐款將與賓夕法尼亞州西南部的國際聯合勸募協會相配對[148]。
參見
參考文獻
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- ^ Israeli cabinet honors victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. Reuters. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-28).
- ^ Chief rabbi says it doesn't matter if Pittsburgh's Tree of Life is a synagogue. The Times of Israel. 2018-10-29 [2018-10-29]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-29).
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- ^ Israel Chief Rabbi Won’t Call Pittsburgh Shooting Site ‘Synagogue’ — Because It's Not Orthodox. The Forward. [2018-10-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-29).
- ^ Maltz, Judy. Israel's Chief Rabbi Refuses to Call Pittsburgh Massacre Site a Synagogue Because It's non-Orthodox. Haaretz. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-28).
- ^ Eglash, Ruth. Pittsburgh shooting was widely reported in Israel, but not all media noted it took place in a synagogue. The Washington Post. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-28).
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- ^ Julian, Hana. Tel Aviv City Hall Lights Up in Solidarity with Pittsburgh Synagogue Massacre Victims. JewishPress.com. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-29).
- ^ Birnbaum, Emily. Projection on wall in Jerusalem’s Old City pays tribute to Pittsburgh synagogue victims. The Hill. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-28]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-29).
- ^ Pope Francis grieves for Jewish victims in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. CBS News. Associated Press. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-29]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-28).
- ^ Iran FM offers prayers for victims of terrorist shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue. Press TV. 2018-10-29 [2018-10-29]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-29).
- ^ Hamas denounces Pittsburgh shooting, claims it’s a ‘victim of Israeli terror’. The Times of Israel. 2018-10-30 [2018-11-02]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-31).
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- ^ PITTSBURGH SHOOTING: Vigil to be held in Oakland for victims of Pittsburgh synagogue shooting. WPXI News. 2018-10-28.[失效連結]
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- ^ Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks hold moment of silence for synagogue shooting victims. Global News. 2018-10-28 [2018-10-29]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-29).
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- ^ Former synagogue president: Trump not welcome. CNN. 2018-10-29 [2018-10-30]. (原始內容存檔於2018-10-30).
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