亨德莉卡·約翰娜·范萊文

亨德莉卡·約翰娜·范萊文
Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen
亨德莉卡·約翰娜·范萊文; Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen
出生	1887年7月3日; 荷蘭海牙
逝世	1974年2月26日（87歲）; 荷蘭代爾夫特
母校	萊頓大學
知名於	波耳-范萊文定理（英語：Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem）
	科學生涯
研究領域	物理學
機構	代爾夫特理工大學
論文	Vraagstukken uit de electronentheorie van het magnetisme（1919）
博士導師	亨德里克·勞侖茲

亨德莉卡·約翰娜·范萊文（荷蘭語：Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen，1887年7月3日—1974年2月26日）是一名荷蘭物理學家，早期以對磁學理論的貢獻而知名。她曾就讀於萊頓大學，師從亨德里克·勞侖茲，並於1919年取得博士學位。她的論文^[1]^[2]解釋了為什麼磁性基本上是一種量子力學效應^[3]，這個結果現在被稱為波耳-范萊文定理（英語：Bohr–Van Leeuwen theorem）（尼爾斯·波耳在幾年前也得出了相同的結論）。她在1920年9月至1947年4月期間，先以助理的身份在代爾夫特理工大學繼續研究磁性材料，之後晉升為理論與應用物理讀者（lector in de theoretische en toegepaste natuurkunde）^[4]^[5]

范萊文是被稱為「芬蘭愛因斯坦」的貢納爾·努德斯特倫的弟媳，曾在萊頓大學跟隨勞侖茲的繼任者保羅·埃倫費斯特學習。她的妹妹柯內莉亞（Cornelia）也在萊頓大學開始攻讀博士學位，師從威廉·亨德里克·基索姆（英語：Willem Hendrik Keesom），但當她與努德斯特倫結婚，並與他一起搬到赫爾辛基後，便停止了攻讀^[5]。

1925年12月11日，范萊文出席慶祝勞侖茲獲得博士學位的黃金週年紀念活動^[6]，並在活動上報告了勞侖茲作為科學家和教師的角色^[7]。

參考資料

^ Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen. Vraagstukken uit de electronentheorie van het magnetisme (PDF). 1919 （Dutch）.
^ van Leeuwen, Hendrika Johanna. Problèmes de la théorie électronique du magnétisme. Journal de Physique et le Radium. 1921, 2 (12): 361–377. doi:10.1051/jphysrad:01921002012036100.
^ Daniel D. Stancil; Anil Prabhakar. Spin Waves: Theory and Applications. Springer. 2009: 16. ISBN 978-0-387-77864-8.
^ de Jong, Frida. Standhouden in Delft. Gewina. 1997, 20 (4): 227–242 [2020-10-29]. hdl:1874/251388. Shortly after the war it was very difficult for the TH [Technische Hogeschool] to get academic staff. Wages were low compared with those in industry and laboratory facilities were less. At that time, shortly after each other, three women were appointed lecturer: Hendrika van Leeuwen in 1947 in theoretical and applied physics; Antonia Korvezee in 1948 in physical chemistry; and Jentina Leene in 1949 in fibre technology. These three ladies were all from an older generation, trained with a Ph.D. well before the war, and unmarried.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kloek, Els (編). 1001 vrouwen in de 20ste eeuw. Nijmegen: Vantilt. 2018: 460–461. ISBN 9789460043864.
^ In the photograph of the dinner guests H.J. van Leeuwen is standing to the left of Albert Einstein, below Niels Bohr.
^ van Leeuwen, H.J. Professor dr. H.A. Lorentz bij zijn gouden doctoraat. Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant. 11 December 1925: 9. The English translation of the Dutch text reads: For us, his pupils, Lorentz was not only the great scientist, but also an example to follow as a friendly, upbeat person with a great sense of duty, admirable simplicity and warm interest for all around him. Many a great physicist enjoyed being one of Lorentz's students for a shorter or longer period of time. There is no better way to honor our great teacher, than to attempt to continue our own work with all our strengths, enthusiasm and care.

延伸閱讀

Blaauboer, Miriam. Hendrika J. van Leeuwen. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde. 2015, 81 (1): 8 （Dutch）. , PDF at www.lorentz.leidenuniv.nl

[1] Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen. Vraagstukken uit de electronentheorie van het magnetisme (PDF). 1919 （Dutch）.

[2] van Leeuwen, Hendrika Johanna. Problèmes de la théorie électronique du magnétisme. Journal de Physique et le Radium. 1921, 2 (12): 361–377. doi:10.1051/jphysrad:01921002012036100.

[3] Daniel D. Stancil; Anil Prabhakar. Spin Waves: Theory and Applications. Springer. 2009: 16. ISBN 978-0-387-77864-8.

[4] Jong, Frida. Standhouden in Delft. Gewina. 1997, 20 (4): 227–242 [2020-10-29]. hdl:1874/251388. Shortly after the war it was very difficult for the TH [Technische Hogeschool] to get academic staff. Wages were low compared with those in industry and laboratory facilities were less. At that time, shortly after each other, three women were appointed lecturer: Hendrika van Leeuwen in 1947 in theoretical and applied physics; Antonia Korvezee in 1948 in physical chemistry; and Jentina Leene in 1949 in fibre technology. These three ladies were all from an older generation, trained with a Ph.D. well before the war, and unmarried.

[Kloek-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kloek, Els (編). 1001 vrouwen in de 20ste eeuw. Nijmegen: Vantilt. 2018: 460–461. ISBN 9789460043864.

[6] In the photograph of the dinner guests H.J. van Leeuwen is standing to the left of Albert Einstein, below Niels Bohr.

[7] van Leeuwen, H.J. Professor dr. H.A. Lorentz bij zijn gouden doctoraat. Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant. 11 December 1925: 9. The English translation of the Dutch text reads: For us, his pupils, Lorentz was not only the great scientist, but also an example to follow as a friendly, upbeat person with a great sense of duty, admirable simplicity and warm interest for all around him. Many a great physicist enjoyed being one of Lorentz's students for a shorter or longer period of time. There is no better way to honor our great teacher, than to attempt to continue our own work with all our strengths, enthusiasm and care.

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