幻龍屬

幻龍屬; 化石時期：三疊紀中期至晚期，240–210 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	奇異幻龍的復原圖
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	爬蟲綱 Reptilia
目：	†幻龍目 Nothosauroidea
科：	†幻龍科 Nothosauridae
屬：	幻龍屬 Nothosaurus; Münster, 1834
模式種
	奇異幻龍; Nothosaurus mirabilis; Münster, 1834
種
	見正文
異名
	屬異名 Conchiosaurus Meyer, 1834 ; Chondriosaurus Meyer, 1838 ; Dracosaurus Agassiz, 1846 ; Elmosaurus Huene, 1957 ; Kolposaurus Skuphos, 1893 ; Menodon Meyer, 1838 ; Oligolycus Fristch, 1894 ; Opeosaurus Meyer, 1847 ; Paranothosaurus Peyer, 1939 ; 興義龍 Shingyisaurus Young, 1965 ; 種異名 Elmosaurus lelmensis Huene, 1957 ; Nothosaurus blezingeri Fraas, 1896 ; Nothosaurus schimperi Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus angustidens Meyer, 1844 ; Shingyisaurus unexpectus Young, 1965; Synonyms of N. giganteus: ; Nothosaurus andriani Meyer, 1839 ; Nothosaurus angustifronis Meyer, 1844 ; Nothosaurus aduncidens Meyer, 1853 ; Nothosaurus baruthicus Geissler, 1895 ; Nothosaurus chelydrops Fraas, 1896 ; Paranothosaurus amsleri Peyer, 1939; Synonyms of N. marchicus: ; Conchiosaurus clavatus Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus crassus Schroeder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus friedericanus Jaekel, 1911 ; Nothosaurus oldenburgi Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus procerus Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus raabi Schröder, 1914 ; Nothosaurus schroderi Huene, 1944 ; Nothosaurus venustus Münster, 1834 ; Nothosaurus winterswijkensis Albers and Rieppel, 2003; Synonyms of N. mirabilis: ; Dracosaurus bronni Giebel, 1847 ; Ichthyosaurus lunevillensis Alberti, 1837 ; Nothosaurus bergeri Meyer, 1834 ; Nothosaurus muensteri Meyer, 1839 ;

幻龍屬（學名：Nothosaurus）又名孽子龍，意為「假冒的蜥蜴」或「私生子蜥蜴」，是已滅絕鰭龍超目的一屬，是幻龍目中最著名的屬，也是幻龍目的名稱來源。幻龍的化石發現於歐洲、中東、中國，地質年代為三疊紀中晚期，接近2億4000萬到2億1000萬年前。

敘述

幻龍是半海生動物，牠們可能過着類似現代海豹的生活。幻龍的身長約4公尺（13呎），具有長腳趾，趾間有蹼，尾巴可能呈鰭狀^[1]。幻龍可能藉由搖擺尾巴、四肢、以及有蹼的腳掌，以在水中推動前進。幻龍的頭部長、寬廣、平坦，牠們可能利用排列者針狀牙齒的長頜部，捕抓魚類與其他海中動物。幻龍可能緩慢跟蹤獵物，例如淺水區域的小型魚類，然後快速的展開攻擊。只有少數獵物可以從幻龍的嘴巴掙脫。

幻龍的身體在許多方面類似較晚期的蛇頸龍類，但牠們沒達到蛇頸龍類般的高度適應水生環境。某些科學家認為部分幻龍類演化出蛇頸龍類，例如滑齒龍、淺隱龍。

種

幻龍屬目前已有約12個已命名種。模式種是N. mirabilis，化石發現於德國的殼灰岩階（Muschelkalk，歐洲地層單元，相當於安尼西階到拉丁尼階）地層，是在1834年由德國古動物學家Georg zu Münster所敘述、命名。同樣在1834年，Georg zu Münster命名了Paranothosaurus，化石發現於德國奧斯納布呂克縣，目前被改歸類於幻龍屬的一個種，巨型幻龍（N. giganteus）^[2]。N. juvenilis的化石也發現於德國^[3]。N. edingerae的化石發現於殼灰岩階上層與考依波階（Keuper，歐洲地層單元，相當於拉丁尼階到瑞替階）^[4]。 N. jagisteus的化石發現於德國荷亨洛赫縣的殼灰岩階上層^[5]。荷蘭溫特斯韋克更發現3種幻龍的化石，地質年代屬於殼灰岩階下層，包含：N. marchicus^[6]、N. winterswijkensis^[6]、溫特斯韋克幻龍（N. winkelhorsti）^[7]。N. cymatosauroides的化石則發現於西班牙的殼灰岩階地層^[8]。

除了歐洲以外，N. haasi與N. tchernovi的化石都發現於以色列拉蒙凹地（Makhtesh Ramon）^[9]^[10]。楊氏幻龍（N. youngi）、羊圈幻龍（N. yangjuanensis）、小吻幻龍（N. rostellatus）的化石都發現於中國貴州省^[11]^[12]^[13]。

過去還有許多種被歸類於幻龍屬，但目前都是無效種。其中，在1914年命名的N. procerus，目前是N. marchicus的次異名^[14]^[15]。其他的無效種包含：N. crassus、N. oldenburgi、N. raabi、N. schroderi、以及N. venustus。

幻龍屬

N. edingerae

巨型幻龍 N. giganteus

N. mirabilis

	N. haasi

	N. tchemovi

N. jagisteus

N. marchicus

溫特斯韋克幻龍 N. winterswijkensis

楊氏幻龍 N. youngi

羊圈幻龍 N. yangiuanensis

N. juvenilis

N. winkelhorsti

幻龍屬的演化樹，取自於N. Klein與P.C.H.

Albers的2009年研究^[7]

本屬包括以下物種：

奇異幻龍 Nothosaurus mirabilis Münster, 1834
Nothosaurus cristatus Hinz, Matzke & Pfretzschner, 2019
Nothosaurus cymatosauroides Sanz, 1983
Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970
巨型幻龍 Nothosaurus giganteus Münster, 1834
哈氏幻龍 Nothosaurus haasi Rieppel et al., 1997
Nothosaurus jagisteus Rieppel, 2001
Nothosaurus marchicus Koken, 1893
小吻幻龍 Nothosaurus rostellatus Shang, 2006
Nothosaurus tchernovi Haas, 1980
羊圈幻龍 Nothosaurus yangjuanensis Jiang et al., 2006
楊氏幻龍 Nothosaurus youngi Li & Rieppel, 2004
張氏幻龍 Nothosaurus zhangi Liu et al., 2014

大眾文化

在迪士尼動畫電影《幻想曲》（Fantasia）的「春之祭」段落中，曾出現一隻幻龍，並被異齒龍獵食；但幻龍與異齒龍的時代與棲息地並不相同。

幻龍出現在BBC的2003年《與恐龍共舞》（Walking with Dinosaurs）特別節目：《海底霸王》（Sea Monsters）。在節目中，奈吉爾·馬文抓住一隻幻龍，並向觀眾解說其頭部特徵。

在柏林的自然歷史博物館展出一個拉氏幻龍（Nothosaurus raabi）的完整化石。

由環球影業與夢工廠動畫聯合製作的電視動畫侏儸紀世界：白堊冒險營中也出現了幻龍，但片中的幻龍具有與事實不符的兩棲行動能力。

參考文獻

註腳

^ Palmer, D. (編). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 72. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
^ Diedrich, C. The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009, 273 (1): 1–16.
^ Rieppel, O. The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Paleontology. 1994, 37: 733–745.
^ Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence. Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B. 1994.
^ Shang, Q.-H. New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Palaeoworld. 2007, 16: 254–263.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Albers, P. C. H. A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 2005, 3 (1): 1–7.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Klein, N.; and Albers, P. C. H. A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2009, 54 (4): 589–598.
^ Rieppel, O.; and Hagdorn, H. Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 1998, 13 (1): 77–97.
^ Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Series IIA. 1997, 325 (12): 991–997.
^ Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel. Fieldiana. 1999, 1 (40).
^ Li, J.; and Rieppel, O. A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2004, 42 (1): 1–12.
^ Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; and Sun, Z. Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China. NeuesJahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006, 5: 257–276.
^ Shang, Q.-H. A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2006, 44 (3): 237–249.
^ Schroder, H. Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge. 1914, 65: 1–98.
^ Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana. 1996, 1 (34): 1–82.

書目

Dixon, Dougal (2006). The Complete Book of Dinosaurs. Hermes House.
Haines, Tim, and Paul Chambers. The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life. Pg. 64. Canada: Firefly Books Ltd., 2006

外部連結

貴州中三疊世早期幻龍屬(Nothosaurus)一新種（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[EoDP-1] Palmer, D. (編). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. 1999: 72. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[DC09-2] Diedrich, C. The vertebrates of the Anisian/Ladinian boundary (Middle Triassic) from Bissendorf (NW Germany) and their contribution to the anatomy, palaeoecology, and palaeobiogeography of the Germanic Basin reptiles. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2009, 273 (1): 1–16.

[RO94-3] Rieppel, O. The status of the sauropterygian reptile Nothosaurus juvenilis from the Middle Triassic of Germany. Paleontology. 1994, 37: 733–745.

[RW94-4] Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. Nothosaurus edingerae Schultze, 1970: diagnosis of the species and comments on its stratigraphical occurrence. Stuttgarter Beiträge für Naturkunde, Serie B. 1994.

[SQH07-5] Shang, Q.-H. New information on the dentition and tooth replacement of Nothosaurus (Reptilia: Sauropterygia). Palaeoworld. 2007, 16: 254–263.

[APCH05-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Albers, P. C. H. A new specimen of Nothosaurus marchicus with features that relate the taxon to Nothosaurus winterswijkensis. Vertebrate Palaeontology. 2005, 3 (1): 1–7.

[KA09-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Klein, N.; and Albers, P. C. H. A new species of the sauropsid reptile Nothosaurus from the Lower Muschelkalk of the western Germanic Basin, Winterswijk, The Netherlands. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2009, 54 (4): 589–598.

[RH98-8] Rieppel, O.; and Hagdorn, H. Fossil reptiles from the Spanish Muschelkalk (mont-ral and alcover, province Tarragona). Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 1998, 13 (1): 77–97.

[RMT97-9] Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Speciation along rifting continental margins: a new Nothosaur from the Negev (Israël). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Series IIA. 1997, 325 (12): 991–997.

[RMT99-10] Rieppel, O.; Mazin, J.-M.; and Tchernov, E. Sauropterygia from the Middle Triassic of Makhtesh Ramon, Negev, Israel. Fieldiana. 1999, 1 (40).

[LR04-11] Li, J.; and Rieppel, O. A new nothosaur from Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2004, 42 (1): 1–12.

[Jea06-12] Jiang, W.; Maisch, M. W.; Hao, W.; Sun, Y.; and Sun, Z. Nothosaurus yangjuanensis n. sp. (Reptilia, Sauropterygia, Nothosauridae) from the middle Anisian (Middle Triassic) of Guizhou, southwestern China. NeuesJahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte. 2006, 5: 257–276.

[_-13] Shang, Q.-H. A new species of Nothosaurus from the early Middle Triassic of Guizhou，China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 2006, 44 (3): 237–249.

[SH14-14] Schroder, H. Wirbeltiere der Riidersdorfer Trias. Abhandlungen der Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge. 1914, 65: 1–98.

[RW96-15] Rieppel, O.; and Wild, R. A revision of the genus Nothosaurus (Reptilia. Sauropterygia) from the Germanic Triassic with comments on the status of Conchiosaurus clavatus. Fieldiana. 1996, 1 (34): 1–82.

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