轉運-信使RNA
轉運-信使RNA | |
---|---|
tmRNA (PDB 3IYR) | |
識別符 | |
代號 | tmRNA |
Rfam | RF00023 |
其他數據 | |
RNA類型 | 基因 |
轉運-信使RNA(Transfer-messenger RNA,簡稱tmRNA,舊稱10Sa RNA或Ssr RNA)是細菌中一種同時具有mRNA與tRNA功能與結構的RNA,此RNA本身如mRNA般具有編碼區,3'端可如tRNA般由丙胺酸-tRNA合成酶加上一個丙胺酸[1],長度多介於320至400nt之間(少數結構退化者可能更短)[2],當細胞中的核糖體轉譯mRNA發生停滯時(包括mRNA突變而失去終止密碼子等原因),tmRNA可與SmpB蛋白與EF-Tu等組合成一核糖核蛋白,並結合至核糖體空出的A位以啟動反式轉譯(trans-translation),即將核糖體合成中的多肽轉移至其3'端的丙胺酸上,以tmRNA的編碼區為模板繼續轉譯數個胺基酸後再遇到終止密碼子而結束,轉譯出的蛋白末端帶有丙胺酸和tmRNA編碼的小段多肽序列(在大腸桿菌中為AANDENYALAA),此段序列通常會被細胞中的蛋白酶識別而將整個蛋白質降解[3],造成轉譯停滯的mRNA也會被水解移除[4]。
幾乎所有細菌基因組中皆具有編碼tmRNA的基因[5],此RNA對某些細菌的生長相當重要,也有細菌在較為不利的生長條件下才需tmRNA[6]。tmRNA的合成途徑和tRNA相似,轉錄後其5'端有一段序列需由核糖核酸酶P切割[1],3'端也有些序列需由核糖核酸酶T或核糖核酸酶PH切除[7][8],可連接丙胺酸的3'-CCA序列在某些物種是由基因編碼,因此轉錄完成時即具備,某些物種則是在tmRNA轉錄與切割之後才由tRNA核苷酸轉移酶加上[9]。另外α-變形菌、某些藍綠菌與少數β-變形菌的tmRNA是由兩段RNA組成的,其中一段RNA的3'端結合丙胺酸,另一段RNA則具編碼序列,兩者僅以鹼基配對的氫鍵相互結合[10]。
tmRNA最早於1979年研究人員以電泳分析大腸桿菌RNA時與核糖核酸酶P上的M1RNA(舊稱10Sb RNA)一起被發現,當時被命名為10Sa RNA[11] ,後續研究發現10Sa RNA具有常見於tRNA的假尿嘧啶核苷,且其3'端與tRNA的結構相似[12]。1995年始發現tmRNA還有編碼蛋白序列的功能[13]。除細菌外,少數真核生物(雅各比蟲與屬卵菌的大豆疫黴菌)粒線體中的mtDNA也有編碼tmRNA,但皆已失去與mRNA相似的編碼區,僅存與tRNA相似的區域[9],還有數種藻類的質粒體中具有tmRNA,結構簡化但仍具編碼區和tRNA相似區[14]。
參見
- 無終止密碼子媒介式分解(NSD)、轉譯停滯分解(NGD):真核生物細胞解決核糖體停滯的機制。
參考文獻
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- ^ Keiler KC. Biology of trans-translation. Annual Review of Microbiology. 2008, 62: 133–51. PMID 18557701. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.62.081307.162948.
- ^ Schönhuber W, Le Bourhis G, Tremblay J, Amann R, Kulakauskas S. Utilization of tmRNA sequences for bacterial identification.. BMC Microbiol. 2001, 1: 20. PMC 55692 . PMID 11560762. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-1-20.
- ^ Thibonnier M, Thiberge JM, De Reuse H. Ahmed N , 編. Trans-translation in Helicobacter pylori: essentiality of ribosome rescue and requirement of protein tagging for stress resistance and competence. PLOS ONE. 2008, 3 (11): e3810. PMC 2584231 . PMID 19043582. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003810.
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- ^ Li Z, Pandit S, Deutscher MP. 3' exoribonucleolytic trimming is a common feature of the maturation of small, stable RNAs in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1998, 95 (6): 2856–61. PMC 19659 . PMID 9501180. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.6.2856.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Hafez M, Burger G, Steinberg SV, Lang BF. A second eukaryotic group with mitochondrion-encoded tmRNA: in silico identification and experimental confirmation.. RNA Biol. 2013, 10 (7): 1117–24. PMC 3849159 . PMID 23823571. doi:10.4161/rna.25376.
- ^ Mao C, Bhardwaj K, Sharkady SM, Fish RI, Driscoll T, Wower J; et al. Variations on the tmRNA gene.. RNA Biol. 2009, 6 (4): 355–61. PMID 19617710. doi:10.4161/rna.6.4.9172.
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- ^ Tyagi JS, Kinger AK. Identification of the 10Sa RNA structural gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nucleic Acids Research. 1992, 20 (1): 138. PMC 310338 . PMID 1371186. doi:10.1093/nar/20.1.138.
- ^ Tu GF, Reid GE, Zhang JG, Moritz RL, Simpson RJ. C-terminal extension of truncated recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli with a 10Sa RNA decapeptide. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1995, 270 (16): 9322–6. PMID 7536743. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.16.9322.
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