跳至內容

單倍群Q-M242

維基百科，自由的百科全書
單倍群Q
起源時間1,7200-3,1700年前 [1][2][3] (大約2,4500年前)
共祖年代{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地中亞[4][5] 、西伯利亞[2]
上游單倍群P1-M45
下游單倍群Q1 (L232/S432)
對應突變M242 rs8179021
分布區域克季人 93.8%,[6]

土庫曼人（卡拉卡爾帕克斯坦共和國、約穆特人 ）73%,[7] 塞爾庫普人 66.4%.,[6]圖瓦人 62.5%.,[8] 切爾干人 60.0%.,[9] 圖巴拉爾人 41%,[9] 西伯利亞韃靼人 38%,[10]

其他突厥人, 因紐特人, 美國原住民, 葉尼塞語系, 泰國的阿卡人, 孟高棉語族以及有些阿薩姆邦部落

單倍群Q-M242 （英語：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人類Y染色體DNA單倍群之一，Q是單倍群P下游P1的一個分支（另一個分支是單倍群R）。

美洲原住民、土庫曼人、葉尼塞人、楚科奇人、堪察加人、圖瓦人、達雅人、阿卡人等是世界上擁有最高單倍群Q頻率的族群。單倍群Q在其他北亞人、西亞人、中亞人、東亞人、歐洲人等中也有少量分佈。[11]

起源

單倍群Q-M242是單倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支為R-M207）。目前的假說認為大約在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿爾泰地區[2]。

系統發生樹

下面是2015年ISOGG樹。

  • Q-M242 M242
    • Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1)
      • Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a)
        • Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1)
          • Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a)
            • Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1)
          • Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b)
            • Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1)
        • Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2)
          • Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a)
            • Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1)
              • Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a)
                • Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1)
                  • Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a)
                • Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2)
              • Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b)
              • Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c)
          • Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b)
          • Q-F1161 F1161
            • Q-L527 L527
      • Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b)
        • Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1)
          • Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a)
            • Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1)
        • Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68)

子單倍群的分布

分布

美洲

前哥倫比亞時期的美洲土著人民擁有高頻單倍群Q。這是因為遷徙新大陸模型：他們從遠東穿過白令海峽移民到美洲。[2]

北美洲

北美46%的Q為Q-M3[44]

格陵蘭：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家發現了一個4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近遠東的Koryak和楚科奇人。[45]

瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均頻率：82%。凱克卡塔有最低頻率：30%。[46]

2010年，3.1%的美國男性為Q-M242。[47]

民族 美國人口百分比 † 單倍群Q頻率
白人 63.7% Q-P36*0.6%, Q-M3 0.1%
西班牙裔美國人 16.3% Q-P36*3.8%, Q-M3 7.9%
黑人 12.6% Q-P36*(xM3) 0.2%
亞裔美國人 4.8% ~0%
美洲原住民 ‡ 0.9% Q-P36*31.2%和

, Q-M3 26.9%

來源 :[47]† 2010年美國人口普查[48]

‡大陸和阿拉斯卡，不包括太平洋島嶼

中南美洲

94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民擁有單倍群Q。[49]具有Q-M242單倍群的人群建立了許多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如：

由於歐洲的入侵以及大屠殺，很多現代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的。但是與北美相比，單倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。

國家分布：

亞洲

Q-M242起源於東亞。[2] 很多民族擁有這個單倍群：

北亞

西伯利亞、阿爾泰、貝加爾湖的民族Q-M242較多。[69]

  • 所有阿爾泰樣本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3
    • 切爾干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)，
    • 圖巴拉爾人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346)
    • Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120)
    • 阿爾泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 )[9] 或25.8%[70]（全部）

東亞

中國[17][18]

  • 2011年，復旦大學：3.3% (12/361)。[76]
  • 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。[77]

蒙古

朝鮮人：1.9%[84][85][86]

日本：0.3％[87][80][88][20][19] (靜岡、埼玉縣)

東南亞

東南亞（或東盟）：[66]

越南：7.1%[89][90]

緬甸：2.8% (3/106）[91]

中亞

西亞

伊朗：5.5% (52/938)[30]

其他研究結果得出的頻率接近。[99][100][101]

其他西亞國家：

高加索：[100]

南亞

阿富汗人：6.9%；普什圖人：8.4% (9/49: 8個Q*，1個Q-M346)[13]

巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的東部：2.2% (14/638)[108]~3.4% (6/176).[28]

印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各階層（印度種姓制度）；有罕見的Q-MEH2[5]

孟加拉國：9.7% (23/237: 查克馬 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章將Q-M242歸為P*(x R1,R2).[111]

尼泊爾的加德滿都：1.2% Q-M242[24]

斯里蘭卡：3.3% Q-M242[89]

歐洲

東歐

中歐、東歐、俄羅斯：1.7%男性為Q-M242

北歐

北歐：2.5%男性。

西歐

南歐

阿什肯納茲猶太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36[40]

塞法迪猶太人：2.3% (4/174)[138]~5.6% (3/53)[139]

也許由可薩人征服歐洲帶來。

非洲

埃及人：0.7% (1/147),[33]

阿爾及利亞：0.6% (1/156)[100]

科摩羅、東非、馬達加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也許因為南島語系從中國移民到東非；或明朝的鄭和)

世界上大約3.1%的男性為Q-M242。

古代考古遺址

參見

Subclades

單倍群進化樹

人類Y染色體DNA單倍型類群進化樹

Y染色體最近共同祖先
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

各族群Y染色體單倍型類群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

閱讀

外部連結

參考文獻

  1. ^ Fagundes, Nelson J. R.; Kanitz, Ricardo; Eckert, Roberta; Valls, Ana C. S.; Bogo, Mauricio R.; Salzano, Francisco M.; Smith, David Glenn; Silva, Wilson A.; Zago, Marco A.; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos, Andrea K.; Santos, Sidney E. B.; Petzl-Erler, Maria Luiza; Bonatto, Sandro L. Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (3): 583–592 [2009-11-19]. PMC 2427228 可免費查閱. PMID 18313026. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-03-25）. Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF. High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2004, 21 (1): 164–75 [2020-02-16]. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2008-09-06）. 
  3. ^ YFull YTree v4.02. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-08-25）. 
  4. ^ Y-DNA Haplogroup Q and its Subclades - 2016. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2011-05-01）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q-M242 in India. BMC Evol. Biol. 2007, 7 (1): 232. PMC 2258157 可免費查閱. PMID 18021436. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 T. M. Karafet, 'High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life', Human Biology, December 2002, v. 74, no. 6, pp. 761–789
  7. ^ 存档副本. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-30）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 ZHANG Yong-Ke, CHEN Zheng, FAN An, et al. (2009), "Genetic relationships between Tuva population and the neighboring populations in the Altai Region of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region." HEREDITAS (Beijing) 2009 August, 31(8): 818―824. ISSN 0253-9772. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1005.2009.00818
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Kharkov, V. N.; Stepanov, V. A.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Spiridonova, M. G.; Voevoda, M. I.; Tadinova, V. N.; Puzyrev, V. P. Gene Pool Differences between Northern and Southern Altaians Inferred from the Data on Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups. Genetika. 2007, 43 (5): 675–687. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Пять генофондов пяти субэтносов сибирских татар. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2019-03-30）. 
  11. ^ Native American DNA or Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. HaploMaps. 2017-05-07 [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-07） （美國英語）. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 The Y Chromosome Consortium 2008. [2010-07-17]. （原始內容存檔於2008-09-22）. 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e34288. PMC 3314501 可免費查閱. PMID 22470552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288. 
  14. ^ Ghiani, ME; Moral, P; Mitchell, RJ; Hernández, M; García-Moro, C; Vona, G. Y-chromosome-Specific STR haplotype data on the Rapanui population (Easter Island). Hum Biol. 2006, 78 (5): 565–78. PMID 17506287. doi:10.1353/hub.2007.0005. 
  15. ^ Grugni, Viola; Battaglia, Vincenza; Hooshiar Kashani, Baharak; Parolo, Silvia; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Achilli, Alessandro; Olivieri, Anna; Gandini, Francesca; Houshmand, Massoud. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e41252. PMC 3399854 可免費查閱. PMID 22815981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. 
  16. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Maksimov, Arkady; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilya. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–8. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture. Nature. September 2004, 431 (7006): 302–5. PMID 15372031. doi:10.1038/nature02878. Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; et al. Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas. Human Genetics. 2000, 107 (6): 582–90. PMID 11153912. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. 
  19. ^ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Poznik, G. David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L.; et al. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. June 2016, 48 (6): 593–599. PMC 4884158 可免費查閱. PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 2007, 71 (4): 480–495 [2020-02-16]. PMID 17274803. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2019-09-30）. 
  21. ^ Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Woźniak, Tomasz Grzybowski, and Ilya Zakharov, "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." Journal of Human Genetics (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. August 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. PMC 56946 可免費查閱. PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region 
  23. ^ Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazières, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995 可免費查閱. PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Gayden, Tenzin; et al. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. Am J Hum Genet. May 2007, 80 (5): 884–894. PMC 1852741 可免費查閱. PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757. 
  25. ^ Wang C-C, Wang L-X; Shrestha, R; Zhang, M; Huang, X-Y; et al. Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (8): e103772. PMC 4121179 可免費查閱. PMID 25090432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772. 
  26. ^ Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; Li, Shilin. Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes. PLoS ONE. 2011, 6 (8): e24282. PMC 3164178 可免費查閱. PMID 21904623. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282. 
  27. ^ Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, et al., "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." Molecular Biology and Evolution Advance Access publication December 2, 2014. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327
  28. ^ 28.0 28.1 Sengupta, Sanghamitra; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; King, Roy; Mehdi, S.Q.; Edmonds, Christopher A.; Cheryl-, Cheryl-Emiliane T.; Chow, Emiliane T.; Lin, Alice A.; et al. Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 78 (2): 202–221. PMC 1380230 可免費查閱. PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. 
  29. ^ Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al. (2015), "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org.
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Grugni, Viola; et al. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e41252. PMC 3399854 可免費查閱. PMID 22815981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. 
  31. ^ Zalloua, Pierre A.; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, DE; Royyuru, AK; Herrera, RJ; et al. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (4): 873–882. PMC 2427286 可免費查閱. PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum. Genet. January 2004, 114 (2): 127–48. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4. 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Hellani, Ali; Gonzalez, Ana M.; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A. Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions. BMC Genetics. 2009, 10 (1): 59. PMC 2759955 可免費查閱. PMID 19772609. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. 
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. March 2008, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. 
  35. ^ 35.0 35.1 Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hallmark, Brian; Cox, Murray P.; et al. Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 27 (8): 1833–1844. PMID 20207712. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063. 
  36. ^ Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas (PDF). Am. J. Hum. Genet. September 2003, 73 (3): 524–39 [2006-12-20]. PMC 1180678 可免費查閱. PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2011-04-28）. 
  37. ^ [genebase Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q] 請檢查|url=值 (幫助). Wendy Tymchuk - Senior Technical Editor. Genebase Systems. 2008 [2009-11-21]. 
  38. ^ Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation. Human Mutation. 2004, 24 (3): 248–60. PMID 15300852. doi:10.1002/humu.20077.  Q-M323 in 3/20=15% of a sample of Yemenite Jews.
  39. ^ Zhong, H.; Shi, H.; Qi, X.-B.; Duan, Z.-Y.; Tan, P.-P.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Ma, R. Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2010, 28 (1): 717–27. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. 
  40. ^ 40.0 40.1 Behar, DM; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet. 2004-03, 114 (4): 354–65. PMID 14740294. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7. 
  41. ^ Adams, S. M.; Bosch, E.; Balaresque, P. L.; Ballereau, S. J.; Lee, A. C.; Arroyo, E.; López-Parra, A. M.; Aler, M.; et al. The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2008, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061 可免費查閱. PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. 
  42. ^ The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q Vincenza Battaglia, Viola Grugni, Ugo Alessandro Perego, Norman Angerhofer, J. Edgar Gomez-Palmieri, Scott Ray Woodward, Alessandro Achilli, Natalie Myres, Antonio Torroni, Ornella Semino
  43. ^ Malhi, RS; Gonzalez-Oliver, A; Schroeder, KB; Kemp, BM; Greenberg, JA; Dobrowski, SZ; Smith, DG; Resendez, A; Karafet, T. Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2008, 137 (4): 412–24. PMC 2584155 可免費查閱. PMID 18618732. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20883. 
  44. ^ Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q M3. GeneTree. 2010 [2010-01-30]. （原始內容存檔於2009-11-04）. 
  45. ^ Rasmussen, M; Li, Y; Lindgreen, S; Pedersen, JS; Albrechtsen, A; Moltke, I; Metspalu, M; Metspalu, E; Kivisild, T. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 463, 757–762. PMC 3951495 可免費查閱. PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 
  46. ^ Katharina Olofsson, Jill; et al. Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (1): e0116573. PMC 4312058 可免費查閱. PMID 25635810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Hammer; et al. Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases. Forensic Sci. Int. 2006-12, 164 (1): 45–55. PMID 16337103. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013. 
  48. ^ Population Estimates. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2014-12-18）. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678 可免費查閱. PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. 
  50. ^ Vullo, Carlos; et al. Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations. Int J Legal Med. 2014, 129 (4): 673–680. PMID 24878616. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x. 
  51. ^ Söchtig, Jens; et al. Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala. BMC Genomics. 2015, 16: 131. PMC 4422311 可免費查閱. PMID 25887241. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1.  => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Natives (Mayans)+60% Ladinos. According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6%
  52. ^ Gaviria, A.; et al. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. Suppl. 2013, 4 (1): e310–e311. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2013.10.158. 
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Battaglia; et al. The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (8): e71390. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...871390B. PMC 3749222 可免費查閱. PMID 23990949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071390. 
  54. ^ Martínez-Cortés, G; et al. Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, 57 (9): 568–74. PMID 22832385. doi:10.1038/jhg.2012.67. 
  55. ^ Lovo-Gómez, J; et al. The genetic male legacy from El Salvador. Forensic Sci. Int. 2007-09, 171 (2–3): 198–203. PMID 16916590. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.005. 
  56. ^ Grugni. Exploring the Y Chromosomal Ancestry of Modern Panamanians. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (12): e0144223. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1044223G. PMC 4670172 可免費查閱. PMID 26636572. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144223. 
  57. ^ Rojas, Win; et al. Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010, 143 (1): 13–20. PMID 20734436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. => (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestary, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1%
  58. ^ Núñez, Carolina; et al. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012, 6 (6): e192–e195. PMID 22770600. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011.  The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test.
  59. ^ Corach, Daniel; et al. Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010, 74 (1): 65–76. PMID 20059473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x. 
  60. ^ Ramallo; et al. Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina. Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series. 2009-12, 2 (1): 431–432. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047. 
  61. ^ http://www.fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768[永久失效連結] (08)00138-8/fulltext(To read this document, allow cookies on your internet option), 5 out of 100 samples in the Y-STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q-M3.
  62. ^ Palha, T.; et al. Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. PMC 3393733 可免費查閱. PMID 22808085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007. => about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q.
  63. ^ 63.0 63.1 Jeffrey, T.; et al. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887 可免費查閱. PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457.  The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q.
  64. ^ 64.0 64.1 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al』Bina P.; Protod』Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–353. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  65. ^ Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  66. ^ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676 可免費查閱. PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  67. ^ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Trejaut, J.A. Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia. BMC Genetics. 2014, 15: 77. PMC 4083334 可免費查閱. PMID 24965575. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77. 
  68. ^ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 Cristofaro; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995 可免費查閱. PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748. 
  69. ^ Dulik, M C. Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosome Variation Provides Evidence for a Recent Common Ancestry between Native Americans and Indigenous Altaian. Am J Hum Genet. 2012-02, 90 (2): 229–246. PMC 3276666 可免費查閱. PMID 22281367. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.014. 
  70. ^ 70.0 70.1 70.2 Malyarchuk, Boris; et al. Ancient links between Siberians and Native Americans revealed by subtyping the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a. Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 56 (8): 583–588. PMID 21677663. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.64. 
  71. ^ E. J. VAJDA, "Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages." The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, ed. by J. Kari and B. Potter(2010), pp.33–99, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series, vol. 5(2010), Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology
  72. ^ E. G. Pulleyblank, "The consonontal system of old Chinese" [Pt 1], Asia Major, vol. IX (1962), pp. 1–2
  73. ^ E. J. Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide (2013, Oxford/New York, Routledge) pp.103-106, etc.
  74. ^ Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?. Central Asiatic Journal. 2000, 44 (1): 87–104. 
  75. ^ Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. March 2009, 17 (10): 1260–73. PMC 2986641 可免費查閱. PMID 19259129. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6. 
  76. ^ Yan, Shi; Chuan-; Wang, Chao; Li, Hui; et al. An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 19 (9): 1013–1015. PMC 3179364 可免費查閱. PMID 21505448. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. 
  77. ^ Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28 (1): 717–727. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247. 
  78. ^ Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陸艷, 「中國西部人群的遺傳混合」, 上海：復旦大學，2011: 1-84.)
  79. ^ Shan; et al. Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in Kazakh and Uighur populations from Xinjiang, China. Int J Legal Med. 2014-09, 128 (5): 743–4. PMID 24398978. doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0948-y. 
  80. ^ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 51: 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  81. ^ LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
  82. ^ Qi, Xuebin; Cui, Chaoying; Peng, Yi; et al. Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30 (8): 1761–1778. PMID 23682168. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093. 
  83. ^ Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, et al. (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194.
  84. ^ Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. 'Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population. Int J Legal Med. 2010-11, 124 (6): 653–7. PMID 20714743. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1. 
  85. ^ Jin Park, Myung; et al. Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea-relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2012, 126 (4): 589–599. PMID 22569803. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9. 
  86. ^ The frequencies of Q-M242 shown in both studies (Kim2010, Park2012) are 1.4% (7/506, Kim) and 1.8% (13/706, Park) respectively. But, if recalculated by regional population weights, the adjusted frequencies reach 1.87% (Kim) and 1.91% (Park) respectively, converging to 1.9%.
  87. ^ Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin, et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations." Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000.
  88. ^ Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006).
  89. ^ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Karafet, TM; et al. Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders. Hum. Biol. 2005-02, 77 (1): 93–114. PMID 16114819. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. 
  90. ^ He, J-D; Peng, M-S; Quang, HH; Dang, KP; Trieu, AV; et al. Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (5): e36437. PMC 3346718 可免費查閱. PMID 22586471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437. 
  91. ^ Peng, Min-Sheng; et al. Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014-08, 22 (8): 1046–1050. PMC 4350590 可免費查閱. PMID 24281365. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272. 
  92. ^ Turspekov; et al. The Kazakhstan DNA project hits first hundred Y-profiles for ethnic Kazakhs. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2012, 2: 1. 
  93. ^ 93.0 93.1 Seielstad, Mark; et al. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. Am J Hum Genet. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705. PMC 1180698 可免費查閱. PMID 12929085. doi:10.1086/377589. 
  94. ^ E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.
  95. ^ Seielstad, Mark; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Singh, Nadia; Underhill, Peter; Oefner, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Wells, R. Spencer. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705 [2020-02-16]. doi:10.1086/377589. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16） （英語）. 
  96. ^ Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Pitchappan, R. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001-08-28, 98 (18): 10244–10249. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 56946 可免費查閱. PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 （英語）. 
  97. ^ Malyarchuk, B; et al. Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013-01, 40 (1): 48–54. PMID 23198991. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628. 
  98. ^ Karafet; et al. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–628. PMC 1235490 可免費查閱. PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. 
  99. ^ 99.0 99.1 Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Hum. Hered. 2006, 61 (3): 132–43. PMID 16770078. doi:10.1159/000093774. 
  100. ^ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Bekada, Asmahan; et al. Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e56775. PMC 3576335 可免費查閱. PMID 23431392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. 
  101. ^ The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling.
  102. ^ Al-Zahery, Nadia; et al. In search of the genetic footprints of Sumerians: a survey of Y-chromosome and mtDNA variation in the Marsh Arabs of Iraq. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2011, 11: 288. PMC 3215667 可免費查閱. PMID 21970613. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-288. 
  103. ^ According to scholars, early Sumerians called themselves 'black-headed people', and spoke an agglutinative language with the word order of SOV, which was quite different from common Semitic or Indo-European languages. Among Semitic languages, only Akkadian had SOV word order, which is due to the influence of the Sumerian language.(For more information, see Sumer, Sumerian Language, Akkadian language, and so on.) On the other hand, surprisingly, some ancient writings found in Bolivia such as Pokotia Monolith, have been interpreted with the Proto-Sumerian language. http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/biados/texts/WintersPokotia.htm （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  104. ^ Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. Am. J. Hum. Genet. April 2008, 82 (4): 873–82. PMC 2427286 可免費查閱. PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020. 
  105. ^ Gokcumen, Omer. Ethnohistorical and Genetic Survey of Four Central Anatolian Settlements. University of Pennsylvania. 2008 [May 13, 2014]. ISBN 978-0-549-80966-1. [失效連結]
  106. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-05-09）. 
  107. ^ To aggregate the results of Haber 2012 and Cristofaro 2013, the frequency of each ethnic group is 33.3% (25/75) in Turkmens, followed by 8.1% (11/136) in Pashtuns, 7.6% in Uzbeks (11/144), 4.4% in Hazara, 3.0% in Tajiks. Currently, Afghans consist of Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Turkmen 3%, others 10%. Thus, if recalculated by population weights of ethnic groups, the frequency of Q in Afghans will be 6.3%.
  108. ^ Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2007, 15 (1): 121–126. PMC 2588664 可免費查閱. PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. 
  109. ^ Khurana, P; et al. Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo-European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat, Western India. PLOS ONE. 2014, 9 (3): e90414. PMC 3948632 可免費查閱. PMID 24614885. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090414. 
  110. ^ Fornarino, Simona; et al. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evol. Biol. 2009, 9: 154. PMC 2720951 可免費查閱. PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. 
  111. ^ Nahar Gazi, Nurun; et al. Genetic Structure of Tibeto-Burman Populations of Bangladesh: Evaluating the Gene Flow along the Sides of Bay-of-Bengal. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e75064. PMC 3794028 可免費查閱. PMID 24130682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075064. 
  112. ^ Malyarchuk, B. A.; et al. Gene Pool Structure of Russian Populations from the European Part of Russia Inferred from the Data on Y Chromosome Haplogroups Distribution. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2008, 44 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1134/S1022795408020105. 
  113. ^ Khar'kov, VN; et al. Frequencies of Y chromosome binary haplogroups in Belarussians. Genetika. 2005-08, 41 (8): 1132–6. PMID 16161635. doi:10.1007/s11177-005-0182-x. 
  114. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-09-22）. 
  115. ^ Eupedia. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2009-10-05）. 
  116. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16）. 
  117. ^ Ehler, Edvard; et al. Y-chromosomal diversity of the Valachs from the Czech Republic: model for isolated population in Central Europe. Croat Med J. 2011-06, 52 (3): 358–367. PMC 3131682 可免費查閱. PMID 21674832. doi:10.3325/cmj.2011.52.358. 
  118. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16）. 
  119. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16）. 
  120. ^ Kristiina, Tambets. The Western; Eastern; et al. Outliers" Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2004-04, 74 (4): 661–682. PMC 1181943 可免費查閱. PMID 15024688. doi:10.1086/383203. 
  121. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-02-16）. 
  122. ^ Varzari, Alexander; et al. Paleo-Balkan and Slavic Contributions to the Genetic Pool of Moldavians: Insights from the Y Chromosome. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (1): e53731. PMC 3547065 可免費查閱. PMID 23341985. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053731. 
  123. ^ Karachanak, Sena; et al. Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (3): e56779. PMC 3590186 可免費查閱. PMID 23483890. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. 
  124. ^ Csányi, B.; et al. Y-Chromosome Analysis of Ancient Hungarian and Two Modern Hungarian-Speaking Populations from the Carpathian Basin. Annals of Human Genetics. July 2008, 72 (4): 519–534. PMID 18373723. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00440.x. 
  125. ^ Hungarian Bukovina. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-02）. 
  126. ^ Q-L712 Subclades of haplogroup Q-M25: Q-L712, Q-L715, Q-L713, Q-YP789. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-04-19）. 
  127. ^ 127.0 127.1 David K. Faux, 2007, The Genetic Link of the Viking – Era Norse to Central Asia: An Assessment of the Y Chromosome DNA, Archaeological, Historical and Linguistic Evidence, http://www.davidkfaux.org/CentralAsiaRootsofScandinavia-Y-DNAEvidence.pdf （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  128. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-29）. 
  129. ^ Allison Mann, Vikings, merchants, and pirates at the top of the world : Y-chromosomal signatures of recent and ancient migrations in the Faroe Islands, MA Thesis of University of Louisville, 2012.
  130. ^ Shetland Islands Haplogroups R1a & Q. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2021-01-25）. 
  131. ^ Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-27）. 
  132. ^ Family Tree DNA - My FamilyTree DNA Latvia Project Website. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-10-01）. 
  133. ^ Family Tree DNA - LITHUANIAN DNA. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2022-01-19）. 
  134. ^ Family Tree DNA - Switzerland DNA Project. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2018-05-23）. 
  135. ^ 135.0 135.1 Wiik, Kalevi. Where did European Men Come From?. Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2008, 4: 35–85. 
  136. ^ Di Gaetano, Cornelia; et al. Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2009-01, 17 (1): 91–99. PMC 2985948 可免費查閱. PMID 18685561. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. 
  137. ^ Brisighelli, F. Uniparental markers of contemporary Italian population reveals details on its pre-Roman heritage. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (12): e50794. PMC 3519480 可免費查閱. PMID 23251386. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050794.  In Table S4, #BEL50 is estimated to be Q-M378 by haplotype, though it is shown as just P* (xR1).
  138. ^ Adams, Susan M.; et al. The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2008-12, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061 可免費查閱. PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. 
  139. ^ Alain Farhi et al., Preliminary Results of Sephardic DNA Testing, AVOTAYNU Volume XXIII, Number 2 Summer 2007, p.10
  140. ^ YFull - Experimental Y Tree （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Y-SNP calls for Afontova Gora 2 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Afantova had haplogroup Q1a1 and some type of R derived mtdna. （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
  141. ^ Rasmussen, M.; Anzick, S.; et al. The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana. Nature. February 2014, 506 (7487): 225–229. Bibcode:2014Natur.506..225R. PMC 4878442 可免費查閱. PMID 24522598. doi:10.1038/nature13025. 
  142. ^ Jennifer A. Raff & Deborah A. Bolnick. Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans // Nature. 2014. V. 506. P. 162–163.
  143. ^ Rasmussen, Morten; Sikora, Martin; Albrechtsen, Anders; Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Poznik, G. David; Zollikofer, Christoph P. E.; Ponce De León, Marcia S.; Allentoft, Morten E. The ancestry and affiliations of Kennewick Man. Nature. 2015, 523 (7561): 455–458. Bibcode:2015Natur.523..455R. PMC 4878456 可免費查閱. PMID 26087396. doi:10.1038/nature14625. 
  144. ^ Hollard et al., Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative makers, Forensic Science International: Genetics, published online 4 June 2014
  145. ^ Q-YP1500 YTree. [2020-02-16]. （原始內容存檔於2020-11-01）. 
  146. ^ Rasmussen, M.; et al. Ancient human gonome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 757–762. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..757R. PMC 3951495 可免費查閱. PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835. 
  147. ^ On Henbei, Pengyang, and Heigouliang, Lihongjie, Y-Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations, Jilin University-China (2012)
  148. ^ Yong-Bin Zhao et al., Ancient DNA evidence reveals that the Y chromosome haplogroup Q1a1 admixture into the Han Chinese 3,000 years ago, American Journal of Human Biology (Aug 2014).
  149. ^ Lihongjie, Y-Chromosome Genetic Diversity of the Ancient North Chinese populations, Jilin University-China (2012)
  150. ^ L. L. Kang et al., Y chromosomes of ancient Hunnu people and its implication on the phylogeny of East Asian linguistic families (2013)
  151. ^ Knowing the Xiongnu Culture in Eastern Tianshan Mountain from Tomb Heigouliang and Dongheigou Site at the Beginning of Xihan Dynasty, RenMeng, WangJianXin, 2008
  152. ^ Qui, Y; et al. Identification of kinship and occupant status in Mongolian noble burials of the Yuan dynasty through a multidisciplinary approach. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. 2015, B370 (1660): 20130378. PMC 4275886 可免費查閱. PMID 25487330. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0378. 
取自「https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=单倍群Q-M242&oldid=81188515」