孢子丝菌属
孢子丝菌属 | |
---|---|
申克氏孢子丝菌 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
门: | 子囊菌门 Ascomycota |
纲: | 粪壳菌纲 Sordariomycetes |
目: | 长喙壳菌目 Ophiostomatales |
科: | 长喙壳菌科 Ophiostomataceae |
属: | 孢子丝菌属 Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F.Perkins (1900) |
模式种 | |
申克氏孢子丝菌 Sporothrix schenckii |
孢子丝菌属(学名:Sporothrix),也译作丝孢子菌属[3]、簇孢霉属,是子囊菌门的一个属,多生长在土壤中。本属第一个被描述的物种为申克氏孢子丝菌,可以感染皮肤,导致孢子丝菌病[4]。近年来本属有更多物种被描述发表,其中巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌与卢艾里孢子丝菌(S. luriei)等物种也能造成孢子丝菌病[5][6]。
形态
本属物种多可产生两种单细胞的分生孢子,一种颜色为透明或棕色,形状为倒卵形或梨形,约长2-8微米、宽1.5-2.5微米,呈花环状簇生于分生孢子柄顶端,而分生孢子柄基部略为膨大,但整体型态与菌丝差异不大,以接近直角的角度从菌丝上分叉产生。许多长喙壳菌目的其他类群亦可产生此种分生孢子[7];另一种分生孢子则颜色较深、孢子壁较厚且无柄,约长2-6微米、宽1.5-2.5微米,直接著生于菌丝上[8],这种分生孢子的有无与形状为鉴定本属物种的依据之一[5]。
因本属物种形态均十分相似,以形态鉴定的难度相当高,多以分子技术鉴别不同物种。
分类
致病物种
孢子丝菌病最早的病例为1898年,约翰霍普金斯大学的医学生班杰明‧申克(Benjamin R. Schenck)从一名病人手指的溃伤中取样本进行培养,并将长出的真菌送交专家鉴定[9],认为可能属于侧孢霉属(Sporotrichum)[10]。1900年,数名芝加哥的医师报导了孢子丝菌病的第二例病例,并进而描述发表了本属与其模式种申克氏孢子丝菌,但未提供具体的属级特征,因此一度被视为无效名,直到1960年代,有分类学家指出申克氏孢子丝菌与侧孢霉属的模式种黄金侧孢霉(Sporotrichum aureum)外形相差甚远(后者后来被归入担子菌门),而又将其归入孢子丝菌属(Sporothrix),并渐为学界所接受[10]。
长久以来造成孢子丝菌病的病原真菌都被认为是申克氏孢子丝菌单一种。2003年,de Beer等人以核糖体DNA序列分析显示申克氏孢子丝菌包含两大类群,分别是从病人伤口分离的菌株与从土壤、植物材料中分离的菌株[11][12]:395。2006年,Marimon等人以其他基因序列分析显示申克氏孢子丝菌包含三个主要的演化支[13],并于隔年将其拆分为巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌与墨西哥孢子丝菌等新种,其中巴西孢子丝菌为巴西的菌株,球形孢子丝菌包含欧洲、亚洲与美洲等地的菌株,墨西哥孢子丝菌为墨西哥的菌株,拆分后的申克氏孢子丝菌则为美洲其他地区的菌株[5]。后续有许多研究以其他基因序列进行分析,结果亦支持拆分[14]。申克氏孢子丝菌原有一变种卢艾里孢子丝菌(S. schenckii var. luriei),发表于1969年,是1956年由一南非病患伤口中分离的菌株。2008年,Marimon等人以基因序列分析显示其为巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌和申克氏孢子丝菌组成的演化支之姊妹群,而将其独立为一新种[12]:396[15]。申克氏孢子丝菌、巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌与卢艾里孢子丝菌等本属致病的物种共同组成一单系群,而墨西哥孢子丝菌的致病能力较低,只造成过零星感染个案,其亲缘关系也与前述四种致病菌较远[14]。
环境物种
除了致病真菌外,孢子丝菌属亦有许多生长在土壤与植物材料中、不感染动物的物种,许多物种曾被当作长喙壳菌属物种的无性型[注 1][17]。1974年,荷兰真菌学家De Hoog发表的专论中列出了本属共24种物种,其中便有13种为长喙壳菌属的无性型,而申克氏孢子丝菌也被视为Ophiostoma stenoceras的无性型[10][16]。
过去关于孢子丝菌属真菌的分类研究多只著重于致病物种或环境物种两者之一,少有将两者合并讨论者[14]。
感染
1941年至1944年间,南非维瓦特斯兰金矿爆发了孢子丝菌病疫情,共有约3000人感染,不过均于伤口涂抹碘化钾后就渐痊愈,无人死亡[9]。
球形孢子丝菌与巴西孢子丝菌曾分别在中国吉林省与巴西南部造成孢子丝菌病的疫情爆发[7]。
孢子丝菌病的疫情常与环境中的感染源有关,多为植物材料接触伤口而传播[14]。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种:
- Sporothrix abietina (Marm. & Butin) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix aemulophila Musvuugwa, Z.W.de Beer, Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix aemuluphila T.Musvuugwa, Z.W.de Beer, Dreyer & Roets, 2015
- Sporothrix africana G.J.Marais & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix alba (Petch) de Hoog
- Sporothrix albicans S.B.Saksena
- Sporothrix ankangensis M.Z.Fan, C.Guo & T.Y.Zhang
- Sporothrix aurorae (X.D.Zhou & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix bragantina (Pfenning & Oberw.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix brasiliensis Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix brunneoviolacea Madrid, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix cabralii Errasti & Z.W.de Beer
- Sporothrix candida (Kamgan, Jol.Roux & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix cantabriensis (Romón, Z.W.De Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix catenata de Hoog & Constant.
- Sporothrix cavum R.Jankowiak
- Sporothrix chilensis A.M.Rodrigues, Choappa, G.F.Fernandes, de Hoog & Z.P.de Camargo
- Sporothrix chondracris B.Huang, M.Z.Fan & Z.Z.Li
- Sporothrix cracoviensis R.Jankowiak
- Sporothrix cryptarchum R.Jankowiak & A.Ostafińska
- Sporothrix curviconia de Hoog
- Sporothrix cylindrospora Hol.-Jech.
- Sporothrix dentifunda (Aghayeva & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix dimorphospora (Roxon & S.C.Jong) Madrid, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix dombeyi Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix echinospora (Deighton & Piroz.) Katum.
- Sporothrix epigloea (Guerrero) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix eucalyptigena (P.A.Barber & Crous) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix eucastaneae (R.W.Davidson) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix euskadiensis (Romón, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix foliorum J.J.Taylor
- Sporothrix fraxini R.Jankowiak
- Sporothrix fumea (Kamgan, Jol.Roux & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix fusiformis (Aghayeva & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix ganodermatis Jing Z.Sun, Xing Z.Liu & K.D.Hyde
- Sporothrix gemella (Roets, Z.W.de Beer & Crous) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix ghanensis de Hoog & H.C.Evans
- Sporothrix globosa Marimon, Cano, Gené, Deanna A.Sutton, H.Kawas. & Guarro
- Sporothrix globuligera K.Matsush. & Matsush.
- Sporothrix gossypina (R.W.Davidson) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix guttuliformis de Hoog
- Sporothrix humicola de Mey., Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix hypoxyli W.J.Nel, Z.W.De Beer & T.A.Duong
- Sporothrix inflata de Hoog
- Sporothrix insectorum de Hoog & H.C.Evans
- Sporothrix inusitatiramosa H.Z.Kong
- Sporothrix isarioides (Petch) de Hoog
- Sporothrix itsvo Musvuugwa, Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix longicollis (Massee & E.S.Salmon) M.Procter & Z.W.de Beer
- Sporothrix lunata (Aghayeva & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix luriei (Ajello & Kaplan) Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix macroconidia H.M.Wang, Q.Lu & Zhen Zhang
- Sporothrix mexicana Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix narcissi (Limber) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix nebularis (Romón, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix nigrograna (Masuya) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingfield, 2016
- Sporothrix nivea Kreisel & Schaver
- Sporothrix nothofagi Gadgil & M.A.Dick
- Sporothrix nsini Ngubane, Dreyer, Oberl. & Roets
- Sporothrix oleae Musvuugwa, L.L.Dreyer & F.Roets
- Sporothrix pallida (Tubaki) Matsush.
- Sporothrix palmiculminata (Roets, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix phasma (Roets, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix phellini G.R.W.Arnold
- Sporothrix polyporicola (Constant. & Ryman) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix prolifera (T.Kowalski & Butin) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix protea-sedis (Roets, M.J.Wingf. & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix protearum G.J.Marais & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix pseudoabietina H.M.Wang, Q.Lu & Zhen Zhang
- Sporothrix ramosissima G.Arnaud ex de Hoog
- Sporothrix ranii Moustafa
- Sporothrix rapaneae Musvuugwa, Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix resoviensis R.Jankowiak & A.Ostafińska
- Sporothrix roboris (Georgescu & Teodoru) Grobbel., Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix rossii Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix roztoczensis R.Jankowiak & P.Bilanski, 2023
- Sporothrix sanguinea C.Ramírez ex J.J.Taylor[18],为Symbiotaphrina sanguinea (C.Ramírez) Baral & E.Weber的异名
- 申克氏孢子丝菌 Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen & C.F.Perkins
- Sporothrix sclerotialis de Hoog
- Sporothrix setiphila (Deighton & Piroz.) de Hoog
- Sporothrix silvicola R.Jankowiak & P.Bilanski, 2023
- Sporothrix smangaliso Ngubane, Dreyer, Oberl. & Roets
- Sporothrix splendens G.J.Marais & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix stenoceras (Robak) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix stylites de Mey., Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix subannulata Livingston & R.W.Davidson
- Sporothrix tardilutea K.Matsush. & Matsush.
- Sporothrix thermara (J.A.van der Linde, Z.W.de Beer & Jol.Roux) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix tuberi A.Fontana & Fas.-Bonf.
- Sporothrix tumida R.Jankowiak & P.Bilanski, 2023
- Sporothrix undulata R.Jankowiak & A.Ostafińska
- Sporothrix uta Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix variecibata Roets, Z.W.de Beer & Crous
- 绒毛簇孢霉 Sporothrix villosa R.L.Chang & X.Y.Zhang
- Sporothrix vizei (Berk. & Broome) de Hoog
- 赞比亚孢子丝菌 Sporothrix zambiensis (Roets, M.J.Wingf. & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- 浙江孢子丝菌 Sporothrix zhejiangensis Wang & Lu
参考资料
- ^ Sporothrix. MycoBank. [2018-10-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-28).
- ^ Hektoen, L., & Perkins, C. F. (1900). Refractory subcutaneous abscesses caused by Sporothrix schenckii. A new pathogenic fungus. The Journal of experimental medicine, 5(1), 77–89.
- ^ Ophiostomataceae. 台湾生物多样性资讯入口网. 中央研究院生物多样性研究中心. [2018-10-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-27).
- ^ Mônica Bastos de Lima Barros, Rodrigo de Almeida Paes and Armando Oliveira Schubach. "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2011, 24 (4): 633. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rita Marimon, Josep Cano, Josepa Gene, Deanna A. Sutton, Masako Kawasaki, and Josep Guarro. Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana, Three New Sporothrix Species of Clinical Interest 45. Journal of Clinical Microbiology: 3198–3206. 2007. doi:10.1128/JCM.00808-07.
- ^ H. Madrid, J. Gené, J. Cano1, C. Silvera and J. Guarro. Sporothrix brunneoviolacea and Sporothrix dimorphospora, two new members of the Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii complex 102. Mycologia: 1193–1203. 2010. doi:10.3852/09-320.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Rodrigo Cruz Choappa, Geisa Ferreira Fernandes, G. Sybren de Hoog, Zoilo Pires de Camargo. Sporothrix chilensis sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales), a soil-borne agent of human sporotrichosis with mild-pathogenic potential to mammals. Fungal Biology. 2016, 120 (2): 246-264. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.05.006.
- ^ Sporothrix Species. Doctor Fungus. Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. [2019-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-15).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Thomas M. Daniel, Gerald L. Baum. Drama and Discovery: The Story of Histoplasmosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002: 18. ISBN 0313321620.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Z. W. de Beer, T. A. Duong, M. J. Wingfield. The divorce of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma: solution to a problematic relationship. Studies in Mycology. 2016, 83: 165-191. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.07.001.
- ^ Z. Wilhelm de Beer, Thomas C. Harrington, Hester F. Vismer, Brenda D. Wingfield & Michael J. Wingfield. Phylogeny of the Ophiostoma stenoceras–Sporothrix schenckii complex. Mycologia. 2003, 95 (3): 434-441. doi:10.1080/15572536.2004.11833088.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Jagadeesh Bayry (编). Sporotrichosis. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Springer. 2017. ISBN 331947426X.
- ^ Rita Marimon, Josepa Gené, Josep Cano, Luciana Trilles, Márcia Dos Santos Lazéra, Josep Guarro. Molecular Phylogeny of Sporothrix schenckii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006, 44 (9): 3251-3256. doi:10.1128/JCM.00081-06.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Y. Zhang, F. Hagen, B. Stielow, A.M. Rodrigues, K. Samerpitak, X. Zhou, P. Feng, L. Yang, M. Chen, S. Deng, S. Li, W. Liao, R. Li, F. Li, J.F. Meis, J. Guarro, M. Teixeira, H.S. Al-Zahrani, Z. Pires de Camargo, L. Zhang, G.S. de Hoog. Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in Sporothrix spanning more than 14000 human and animal case reports. Persoonia. 2015, 35: 1-20. doi:10.3767/003158515X687416.
- ^ Marimon R, Gené J, Cano J, Guarro J. Sporothrix luriei: a rare fungus from clinical origin. Medical Mycology. 2008, 46 (6): 621-625. doi:10.1080/13693780801992837.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 GS De Hoog. The genera Blastobotrys, Sporothrix, Calcarisporium and Calcarisporiella gen. nov. Studies in mycology 7 (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures). 1974 [2019-03-30]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30).
- ^ Sporothrix inflata, a root-inhabiting fungus of Quercus robur and Q. petraea. Mycological Progress. 2003, 2 (4): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0063-2.
- ^ John J. Taylor (1977) Sporothrix Sanguinea, Sp. Nov., Mycologia, 69:3, 651-653, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1977.12020107
外部链接
- 孢子丝菌属在Index Fungorum中的资讯
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