孢子絲菌屬
孢子絲菌屬 | |
---|---|
申克氏孢子絲菌 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 真菌界 Fungi |
门: | 子囊菌门 Ascomycota |
纲: | 糞殼菌綱 Sordariomycetes |
目: | 長喙殼菌目 Ophiostomatales |
科: | 長喙殼菌科 Ophiostomataceae |
属: | 孢子絲菌屬 Sporothrix Hektoen & C.F.Perkins (1900) |
模式種 | |
申克氏孢子絲菌 Sporothrix schenckii |
孢子絲菌屬(學名:Sporothrix),也譯作絲孢子菌屬[3]、簇孢霉属,是子囊菌門的一個屬,多生長在土壤中。本屬第一個被描述的物種為申克氏孢子絲菌,可以感染皮膚,導致孢子絲菌病[4]。近年來本屬有更多物種被描述發表,其中巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌與卢艾里孢子丝菌(S. luriei)等物種也能造成孢子絲菌病[5][6]。
形態
本屬物種多可產生兩種單細胞的分生孢子,一種顏色為透明或棕色,形狀為倒卵形或梨形,約長2-8微米、寬1.5-2.5微米,呈花環狀簇生於分生孢子柄頂端,而分生孢子柄基部略為膨大,但整體型態與菌絲差異不大,以接近直角的角度從菌絲上分叉產生。許多長喙殼菌目的其他類群亦可產生此種分生孢子[7];另一種分生孢子則顏色較深、孢子壁較厚且無柄,約長2-6微米、寬1.5-2.5微米,直接著生於菌絲上[8],這種分生孢子的有無與形狀為鑑定本屬物種的依據之一[5]。
因本屬物種形態均十分相似,以形態鑑定的難度相當高,多以分子技術鑑別不同物種。
分類
致病物種
孢子絲菌病最早的病例為1898年,約翰霍普金斯大學的醫學生班傑明‧申克(Benjamin R. Schenck)從一名病人手指的潰傷中取樣本進行培養,並將長出的真菌送交專家鑑定[9],認為可能屬於側孢黴屬(Sporotrichum)[10]。1900年,數名芝加哥的醫師報導了孢子絲菌病的第二例病例,並進而描述發表了本屬與其模式種申克氏孢子絲菌,但未提供具體的屬級特徵,因此一度被視為無效名,直到1960年代,有分類學家指出申克氏孢子絲菌與側孢黴屬的模式種黃金側孢黴(Sporotrichum aureum)外形相差甚遠(後者後來被歸入擔子菌門),而又將其歸入孢子絲菌屬(Sporothrix),並漸為學界所接受[10]。
長久以來造成孢子絲菌病的病原真菌都被認為是申克氏孢子絲菌單一種。2003年,de Beer等人以核糖體DNA序列分析顯示申克氏孢子絲菌包含兩大類群,分別是從病人傷口分離的菌株與從土壤、植物材料中分離的菌株[11][12]:395。2006年,Marimon等人以其他基因序列分析顯示申克氏孢子絲菌包含三個主要的演化支[13],並於隔年將其拆分為巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌與墨西哥孢子丝菌等新種,其中巴西孢子絲菌為巴西的菌株,球形孢子丝菌包含歐洲、亞洲與美洲等地的菌株,墨西哥孢子絲菌為墨西哥的菌株,拆分後的申克氏孢子絲菌則為美洲其他地區的菌株[5]。後續有許多研究以其他基因序列進行分析,結果亦支持拆分[14]。申克氏孢子絲菌原有一變種盧艾里孢子絲菌(S. schenckii var. luriei),發表於1969年,是1956年由一南非病患傷口中分離的菌株。2008年,Marimon等人以基因序列分析顯示其為巴西孢子丝菌、球形孢子丝菌和申克氏孢子絲菌組成的演化支之姊妹群,而將其獨立為一新種[12]:396[15]。申克氏孢子絲菌、巴西孢子絲菌、球形孢子絲菌與盧艾里孢子絲菌等本屬致病的物種共同組成一單系群,而墨西哥孢子絲菌的致病能力較低,只造成過零星感染個案,其親緣關係也與前述四種致病菌較遠[14]。
環境物種
除了致病真菌外,孢子絲菌屬亦有許多生長在土壤與植物材料中、不感染動物的物種,許多物種曾被當作長喙殼菌屬物種的無性型[註 1][17]。1974年,荷蘭真菌學家De Hoog發表的專論中列出了本屬共24種物種,其中便有13種為長喙殼菌屬的無性型,而申克氏孢子絲菌也被視為Ophiostoma stenoceras的無性型[10][16]。
過去關於孢子絲菌屬真菌的分類研究多只著重於致病物種或環境物種兩者之一,少有將兩者合併討論者[14]。
感染
1941年至1944年間,南非維瓦特斯蘭金礦爆發了孢子絲菌病疫情,共有約3000人感染,不過均於傷口塗抹碘化鉀後就漸痊癒,無人死亡[9]。
球形孢子丝菌與巴西孢子丝菌曾分別在中國吉林省與巴西南部造成孢子絲菌病的疫情爆發[7]。
孢子絲菌病的疫情常與環境中的感染源有關,多為植物材料接觸傷口而傳播[14]。
下属物种
本属包括以下物种:
- Sporothrix abietina (Marm. & Butin) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix aemulophila Musvuugwa, Z.W.de Beer, Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix aemuluphila T.Musvuugwa, Z.W.de Beer, Dreyer & Roets, 2015
- Sporothrix africana G.J.Marais & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix alba (Petch) de Hoog
- Sporothrix albicans S.B.Saksena
- Sporothrix ankangensis M.Z.Fan, C.Guo & T.Y.Zhang
- Sporothrix aurorae (X.D.Zhou & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix bragantina (Pfenning & Oberw.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix brasiliensis Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix brunneoviolacea Madrid, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix cabralii Errasti & Z.W.de Beer
- Sporothrix candida (Kamgan, Jol.Roux & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix cantabriensis (Romón, Z.W.De Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix catenata de Hoog & Constant.
- Sporothrix cavum R.Jankowiak
- Sporothrix chilensis A.M.Rodrigues, Choappa, G.F.Fernandes, de Hoog & Z.P.de Camargo
- Sporothrix chondracris B.Huang, M.Z.Fan & Z.Z.Li
- Sporothrix cracoviensis R.Jankowiak
- Sporothrix cryptarchum R.Jankowiak & A.Ostafińska
- Sporothrix curviconia de Hoog
- Sporothrix cylindrospora Hol.-Jech.
- Sporothrix dentifunda (Aghayeva & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix dimorphospora (Roxon & S.C.Jong) Madrid, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix dombeyi Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix echinospora (Deighton & Piroz.) Katum.
- Sporothrix epigloea (Guerrero) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix eucalyptigena (P.A.Barber & Crous) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix eucastaneae (R.W.Davidson) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix euskadiensis (Romón, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix foliorum J.J.Taylor
- Sporothrix fraxini R.Jankowiak
- Sporothrix fumea (Kamgan, Jol.Roux & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix fusiformis (Aghayeva & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix ganodermatis Jing Z.Sun, Xing Z.Liu & K.D.Hyde
- Sporothrix gemella (Roets, Z.W.de Beer & Crous) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix ghanensis de Hoog & H.C.Evans
- Sporothrix globosa Marimon, Cano, Gené, Deanna A.Sutton, H.Kawas. & Guarro
- Sporothrix globuligera K.Matsush. & Matsush.
- Sporothrix gossypina (R.W.Davidson) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix guttuliformis de Hoog
- Sporothrix humicola de Mey., Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix hypoxyli W.J.Nel, Z.W.De Beer & T.A.Duong
- Sporothrix inflata de Hoog
- Sporothrix insectorum de Hoog & H.C.Evans
- Sporothrix inusitatiramosa H.Z.Kong
- Sporothrix isarioides (Petch) de Hoog
- Sporothrix itsvo Musvuugwa, Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix longicollis (Massee & E.S.Salmon) M.Procter & Z.W.de Beer
- Sporothrix lunata (Aghayeva & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix luriei (Ajello & Kaplan) Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix macroconidia H.M.Wang, Q.Lu & Zhen Zhang
- Sporothrix mexicana Marimon, Gené, Cano & Guarro
- Sporothrix narcissi (Limber) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix nebularis (Romón, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix nigrograna (Masuya) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingfield, 2016
- Sporothrix nivea Kreisel & Schaver
- Sporothrix nothofagi Gadgil & M.A.Dick
- Sporothrix nsini Ngubane, Dreyer, Oberl. & Roets
- Sporothrix oleae Musvuugwa, L.L.Dreyer & F.Roets
- Sporothrix pallida (Tubaki) Matsush.
- Sporothrix palmiculminata (Roets, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix phasma (Roets, Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix phellini G.R.W.Arnold
- Sporothrix polyporicola (Constant. & Ryman) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix prolifera (T.Kowalski & Butin) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix protea-sedis (Roets, M.J.Wingf. & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix protearum G.J.Marais & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix pseudoabietina H.M.Wang, Q.Lu & Zhen Zhang
- Sporothrix ramosissima G.Arnaud ex de Hoog
- Sporothrix ranii Moustafa
- Sporothrix rapaneae Musvuugwa, Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix resoviensis R.Jankowiak & A.Ostafińska
- Sporothrix roboris (Georgescu & Teodoru) Grobbel., Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix rossii Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix roztoczensis R.Jankowiak & P.Bilanski, 2023
- Sporothrix sanguinea C.Ramírez ex J.J.Taylor[18],为Symbiotaphrina sanguinea (C.Ramírez) Baral & E.Weber的异名
- 申克氏孢子絲菌 Sporothrix schenckii Hektoen & C.F.Perkins
- Sporothrix sclerotialis de Hoog
- Sporothrix setiphila (Deighton & Piroz.) de Hoog
- Sporothrix silvicola R.Jankowiak & P.Bilanski, 2023
- Sporothrix smangaliso Ngubane, Dreyer, Oberl. & Roets
- Sporothrix splendens G.J.Marais & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix stenoceras (Robak) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix stylites de Mey., Z.W.de Beer & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix subannulata Livingston & R.W.Davidson
- Sporothrix tardilutea K.Matsush. & Matsush.
- Sporothrix thermara (J.A.van der Linde, Z.W.de Beer & Jol.Roux) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- Sporothrix tuberi A.Fontana & Fas.-Bonf.
- Sporothrix tumida R.Jankowiak & P.Bilanski, 2023
- Sporothrix undulata R.Jankowiak & A.Ostafińska
- Sporothrix uta Dreyer & Roets
- Sporothrix variecibata Roets, Z.W.de Beer & Crous
- 绒毛簇孢霉 Sporothrix villosa R.L.Chang & X.Y.Zhang
- Sporothrix vizei (Berk. & Broome) de Hoog
- 赞比亚孢子絲菌 Sporothrix zambiensis (Roets, M.J.Wingf. & Z.W.de Beer) Z.W.de Beer, T.A.Duong & M.J.Wingf.
- 浙江孢子絲菌 Sporothrix zhejiangensis Wang & Lu
參考資料
- ^ Sporothrix. MycoBank. [2018-10-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-28).
- ^ Hektoen, L., & Perkins, C. F. (1900). Refractory subcutaneous abscesses caused by Sporothrix schenckii. A new pathogenic fungus. The Journal of experimental medicine, 5(1), 77–89.
- ^ Ophiostomataceae. 台灣生物多樣性資訊入口網. 中央研究院生物多樣性研究中心. [2018-10-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-27).
- ^ Mônica Bastos de Lima Barros, Rodrigo de Almeida Paes and Armando Oliveira Schubach. "Sporothrix schenckii and Sporotrichosis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2011, 24 (4): 633. doi:10.1128/CMR.00007-11.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rita Marimon, Josep Cano, Josepa Gene, Deanna A. Sutton, Masako Kawasaki, and Josep Guarro. Sporothrix brasiliensis, S. globosa, S. mexicana, Three New Sporothrix Species of Clinical Interest 45. Journal of Clinical Microbiology: 3198–3206. 2007. doi:10.1128/JCM.00808-07.
- ^ H. Madrid, J. Gené, J. Cano1, C. Silvera and J. Guarro. Sporothrix brunneoviolacea and Sporothrix dimorphospora, two new members of the Ophiostoma stenoceras-Sporothrix schenckii complex 102. Mycologia: 1193–1203. 2010. doi:10.3852/09-320.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Anderson Messias Rodrigues, Rodrigo Cruz Choappa, Geisa Ferreira Fernandes, G. Sybren de Hoog, Zoilo Pires de Camargo. Sporothrix chilensis sp. nov. (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales), a soil-borne agent of human sporotrichosis with mild-pathogenic potential to mammals. Fungal Biology. 2016, 120 (2): 246-264. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2015.05.006.
- ^ Sporothrix Species. Doctor Fungus. Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. [2019-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-15).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Thomas M. Daniel, Gerald L. Baum. Drama and Discovery: The Story of Histoplasmosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2002: 18. ISBN 0313321620.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Z. W. de Beer, T. A. Duong, M. J. Wingfield. The divorce of Sporothrix and Ophiostoma: solution to a problematic relationship. Studies in Mycology. 2016, 83: 165-191. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2016.07.001.
- ^ Z. Wilhelm de Beer, Thomas C. Harrington, Hester F. Vismer, Brenda D. Wingfield & Michael J. Wingfield. Phylogeny of the Ophiostoma stenoceras–Sporothrix schenckii complex. Mycologia. 2003, 95 (3): 434-441. doi:10.1080/15572536.2004.11833088.
- ^ 12.0 12.1 Jagadeesh Bayry (编). Sporotrichosis. Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Springer. 2017. ISBN 331947426X.
- ^ Rita Marimon, Josepa Gené, Josep Cano, Luciana Trilles, Márcia Dos Santos Lazéra, Josep Guarro. Molecular Phylogeny of Sporothrix schenckii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2006, 44 (9): 3251-3256. doi:10.1128/JCM.00081-06.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Y. Zhang, F. Hagen, B. Stielow, A.M. Rodrigues, K. Samerpitak, X. Zhou, P. Feng, L. Yang, M. Chen, S. Deng, S. Li, W. Liao, R. Li, F. Li, J.F. Meis, J. Guarro, M. Teixeira, H.S. Al-Zahrani, Z. Pires de Camargo, L. Zhang, G.S. de Hoog. Phylogeography and evolutionary patterns in Sporothrix spanning more than 14000 human and animal case reports. Persoonia. 2015, 35: 1-20. doi:10.3767/003158515X687416.
- ^ Marimon R, Gené J, Cano J, Guarro J. Sporothrix luriei: a rare fungus from clinical origin. Medical Mycology. 2008, 46 (6): 621-625. doi:10.1080/13693780801992837.
- ^ 16.0 16.1 GS De Hoog. The genera Blastobotrys, Sporothrix, Calcarisporium and Calcarisporiella gen. nov. Studies in mycology 7 (Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures). 1974 [2019-03-30]. (原始内容存档于2019-03-30).
- ^ Sporothrix inflata, a root-inhabiting fungus of Quercus robur and Q. petraea. Mycological Progress. 2003, 2 (4): 259–266. doi:10.1007/s11557-006-0063-2.
- ^ John J. Taylor (1977) Sporothrix Sanguinea, Sp. Nov., Mycologia, 69:3, 651-653, DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1977.12020107
外部連結
- 孢子絲菌屬在Index Fungorum中的資訊
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