南国山河

南国山河
写作日期	公元10世纪
国家	越南
语言	文言文
形式	七言绝句

以汉越音朗读《南国山河》(《大越史记全书》版本)

《南国山河》（越南语：Nam quốc sơn hà）是一首创作于10世纪时期的越南诗。

此诗真实作者的身份仍然存在争议，且有两篇不同版本。全诗以神谕的格式写作，^[1]并被认为是越南文学中最为人所知的作品之一。^[2]

原诗

《岭南摭怪》版本（981）

根据《岭南摭怪》的说法，本诗是在981年第一次宋朝入侵时，协助黎大行的神仙所创作。^[3]

汉字	国语字
南国山河南帝居，皇天已定在天书。如何北虏来侵掠，白刃翻成破竹馀。	Nam quốc sơn hà Nam đế cư, Hoàng thiên dĩ định tại thiên thư. Như hà Bắc lỗ lai xâm lược, Bạch nhận phiên thành phá trúc dư.

《大越史记全书》版本（1076）

根据《大越史记全书》，宋越熙宁战争期间，李常杰率领的越军军士在张将军祠^[4]中听到有人高声念出本诗。^[5]

一般认为此版本的《南国山河》较《岭南摭怪》版更为可信，更可能是本诗真正的史源。^[6]陈仲金则指出，本诗应是李常杰为鼓舞士气而撰，并说成是神仙所作，让军队恢复斗志。^[7]

汉字	国语字
南国山河南帝居，截然定分在天书。如何逆虏来侵犯，汝等行看取败虚。	Nam quốc sơn hà nam đế cư Tiệt nhiên định phận tại thiên thư Như hà nghịch lỗ lai xâm phạm Nhữ đẳng hành khan thủ bại hư.

影响

该诗被称为“越南第一个独立宣言”，声明越南统治者对自己领土的主权。^[6]

《南国山河》往往成为越南争取独立期间的象征性诗歌。^[8]近期，当越南民众抗议中国在越南近海的石油勘探时，也会朗诵此诗。^{[来源请求]}

评价

越共学者评价这首诗是“李常杰以全民族的名义重申了民族的神圣独立权和平等权，严重警告外来侵略者。这首诗就像在外国统治一千多年后^{[锚点失效]}的第一个独立宣言那样被载入史册。”^[6]
2016年5月24日，时任美国总统欧巴马访问越南，在河内发表演讲时，以英语引用了这首诗，并称这首诗表达了“所有越南人民不屈的精神”，“大国不能欺负小国”。^[9]

参考资料

^ Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia 1981 Page 305 "The "Nam-quốc sơn-hà" poem had the form of an oracle"
^ Nguyễn Đức Sự Some Features on Vietnamese Buddhism in the Lý Dynasty Religious Studies Review, No. 02-2010 Institute of Religious Studies, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences 2011 "Besides the well-known works of celebrities and of the Lý court as Chiếu dời đô (Royal edict on the transfer of the capital), Nam quốc sơn hà (Mountains and Rivers of the empire of the South), Văn lộ bố khi đánh trống, Di chiếu lúc lâm chung (King's last will at point of death), etc. There were many Zen poems in the literature of the Lý dynasty. Almost poets and writers in the Lý dynasty were Zen masters."
^ 岭南摭怪/龙眼、如月二神传
^ 《大越史记全书·本纪》卷三：张将军兄弟二人，兄名叫，弟名喝，皆赵越王之名将。越王为李南帝所败而失国，南帝召而官之。二人曰：“忠臣不事害主之君。”乃逃匿于扶龙山。南帝屡召不应，令曰：“购得首级，重赏千金。”二人皆饮毒卒。吴南晋讨西龙州......贼平，吴南晋封兄为大当江都护国神王，祠于如月江；弟为小当江都护国神王，祠于南军江口，即其祠也。
^ 大越史记全书/本纪卷之三
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 越南社会科学委员会《越南历史》，200页。
^ 陈仲金《越南史略》，74页
^ Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 268 "The relevant works are Nam quốc sơn ha, Lý Thường Kiệt's famous affirmation of Vietnamese identity; Hịch tướng sĩ, the plea from Trần Hưng Ðạo to fight against the Mongols; Quốc ngữ thi tập, Chu Văn An's collection of poems in the national language..."
^ 奥巴马所说的越南“独立宣言”《南国山河》真相. [2018-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-09）.

[1] Essays on Literature and Society in Southeast Asia 1981 Page 305 "The "Nam-quốc sơn-hà" poem had the form of an oracle"

[2] Nguyễn Đức Sự Some Features on Vietnamese Buddhism in the Lý Dynasty Religious Studies Review, No. 02-2010 Institute of Religious Studies, Vietnamese Academy of Social Sciences 2011 "Besides the well-known works of celebrities and of the Lý court as Chiếu dời đô (Royal edict on the transfer of the capital), Nam quốc sơn hà (Mountains and Rivers of the empire of the South), Văn lộ bố khi đánh trống, Di chiếu lúc lâm chung (King's last will at point of death), etc. There were many Zen poems in the literature of the Lý dynasty. Almost poets and writers in the Lý dynasty were Zen masters."

[3] 岭南摭怪/龙眼、如月二神传

[4] 《大越史记全书·本纪》卷三：张将军兄弟二人，兄名叫，弟名喝，皆赵越王之名将。越王为李南帝所败而失国，南帝召而官之。二人曰：“忠臣不事害主之君。”乃逃匿于扶龙山。南帝屡召不应，令曰：“购得首级，重赏千金。”二人皆饮毒卒。吴南晋讨西龙州......贼平，吴南晋封兄为大当江都护国神王，祠于如月江；弟为小当江都护国神王，祠于南军江口，即其祠也。

[5] 大越史记全书/本纪卷之三

[未命名-20231105162729-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 越南社会科学委员会《越南历史》，200页。

[7] 陈仲金《越南史略》，74页

[8] Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 268 "The relevant works are Nam quốc sơn ha, Lý Thường Kiệt's famous affirmation of Vietnamese identity; Hịch tướng sĩ, the plea from Trần Hưng Ðạo to fight against the Mongols; Quốc ngữ thi tập, Chu Văn An's collection of poems in the national language..."

[9] 奥巴马所说的越南“独立宣言”《南国山河》真相. [2018-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-09）.

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原诗

《岭南摭怪》版本（981）

《大越史记全书》版本（1076）

影响

评价

相关条目

参考资料