焦点 (语言学)

焦点（缩写为：foc）是一种语法的类别，用于确定句子的哪一部分能够提供新的、不可推导的或对比的信息。^[1]焦点与信息结构（英语：Information structure）有关。对比焦点尤其是指与对话者 (语言学)（英语：對話者）的前提相反之信息编码。^[2]^[3]^[4]

相关词条包括评论以及述位(Rheme)。^[4]^[5]^[6]

参见

^ Halliday, M., Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English (Part 2), Journal of Linguistics 3.: 206, 1967
^ Givon, Talmy, Syntax: An Introduction Vol. II, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 2001
^ Lambrecht, Knud, Information Structure and Sentence Form: Topic, Focus, and the Mental Representation of Discourse Referents, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Camacho, José; Rodrigo Gutiérrez-Bravo; Liliana Sánchez, Information Structure in the Languages of the Americas: Syntactic Approaches, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2010
^ Bates, Elizabeth; Brian MacWhinney, Dirven, Rene; V. Fried , 编, A functionalist approach to the acquisition of grammar, Functionalism in Linguistics (Amersterdam: John Benjamins), 1987: 209–264.
^ Mel’čuk, Igor A., Communicative Organization in Natural Language: The Semantic-Communicative Structure of Sentences, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001

Cinque, Guglielmo (1993). 'A null theory of phrase and compound stress'. Linguistic Inquiry 24:239-267.
Neeleman, Ad and Tanya Reinhart (1998). 'Scrambling and the PF-Interface'. In The Projection of Arguments, CSLI Publications, 309-353.
Ocampo, Francisco (2003). On the notion of focus in spoken Spanish: An empirical approach. In Theory, Practice, and Acquisition, ed. by Paula Kempchinsky and Carlos-Eduardo Pineros. Sommerville: Cascadilla Press, 207-226.
Pereltsvaig, Asya (2002). 'Topic and focus as linear notions: evidence from Russian and Italian'. Proceedings of the Conference on the Interaction between Syntax and Pragmatics at UCL.
Szendrői, Kriszta (2004). 'Focus and the interaction between syntax and pragmatics'. Lingua 114(3), 229-254.
Xu, Y., C. X. Xu and X. Sun (2004). 'On the temporal domain of focus'. In Proceedings of International Conference on Speech Prosody 2004, Nara, Japan: 81-84.