胡椒属

胡椒属
	P. magnificum
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	木兰类植物 Magnoliids
目：	胡椒目 Piperales
科：	胡椒科 Piperaceae
属：	胡椒属 Piper; L., 1754
种
	1000–2000
異名
	Anderssoniopiper Trel.; Arctottonia Trel.; Artanthe Miq.; Chavica Miq.; Discipiper Trel. & Stehlé; Lepianthes Raf.; Lindeniopiper Trel.; Macropiper Miq.; Ottonia Spreng.; Pleiostachyopiper Trel.; Pleistachyopiper Trel.; Pothomorphe Miq.; Trianaeopiper Trel.;

胡椒属植物在经济和生态方面都很重要，包括大约有1,000-2,000余种，有草本、灌木、藤本甚至是小乔木，胡椒科植物既不属于双子叶植物也不属于单子叶植物，和三白草科亲源关系较近，在胡椒科内，胡椒属和草胡椒属的亲源关系较近。

胡椒属植物分布在世界各地的热带地区，多数品种生长在热带雨林中，也有少数品种可以生长在比较开阔地带或亚热带地区。

部分胡椒属藤本品种在温暖地区可以作为园艺品种，但胡椒属的主要用途还是作为香料和蔬菜，人类最早在大约9,000年前就已经知道应用胡椒作为食品香料，主要用黑胡椒（Piper nigrum），此外像墨西哥叶胡椒（Piper auritum）、荜澄茄（Piper cubeba）、长胡椒（Piper longum）、西非胡椒（Piper guineen）也常被应用。越南的罗洛胡椒（Piper lolot）以及东南亚的假蒟（Piper sarmentosum）叶子都是当地的蔬菜。胡椒属许多品种还被许多地方作为当地的草药使用。

主要品种

胡椒属植物在美洲有约700种，在东南亚有300余种，在南太平洋有40多种，在非洲有约15种。^[1]

蘭嶼風藤 Piper arborescens
Piper achupallasense
Piper aduncum
Piper aequilaterum C.DC.
Piper alwynii M. A. Jaram., 2023^[2]
Piper amalgo
Piper angamarcanum
兰屿胡椒 Piper arborescens Roxb.
西藏胡椒 Piper arunachalense Gajurel, Rethy & Y. Kumar
卵叶胡椒 Piper attenuatum Buch.-Ham. ex Miq.
墨西哥胡椒叶 Piper auritum
华南胡椒 Piper austrosinense Y. C. Tseng
Piper azuaiense
Piper baezanum
Piper baezense
Piper begoniiforme
蒌叶 Piper betle L.
苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium
(Miq.) C. DC.
- 光轴苎叶蒟 Piper boehmeriaefolium var. tonkinense C. DC.
复毛胡椒 Piper bonii
C. DC.
- 大叶复毛胡椒 Piper bonii var. macrophyllum Y. C. Tseng
Piper borneense
Piper brachipilum
Piper brachystylum
Piper bullatifolium
Piper caldense C.DC.
Piper callejasii W. Trujillo & M. A. Jaram.^[3]
Piper campii
Piper caninum , SE Asia to Australia, Common pepper, Native pepper in Australia.
Piper candollei
华山蒌 Piper cathayanum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
Piper cenocladum – "ant piper"
长果胡椒 Piper chaba
勐海胡椒 Piper chaudocanum C. DC.
Piper chimborazoense
Piper chimonanthifolium Kunth
中华胡椒 Piper chinense Miq.
Piper clathratum
Piper claussenianum
Piper coeloneurum
Piper cordulatum
荜澄茄 Piper cubeba
Piper cutucuense
大苗山胡椒 Piper damiaoshanense Y. C. Tseng
Piper darienense – duermeboca (巴拿马), kana (Kuna)
Piper decurrens
Piper densiciliatum
Piper diffundum
Piper disparipilum
Piper distigmatum
Piper dodsonii
Piper entradense
Piper eriocladum
Piper eustylum
Piper fallenii
琉球胡椒 Piper ferriei C. DC.
Piper fimbriulatum
黄花胡椒 Piper flaviflorum C. DC.
Piper gaudichaudianum Kunth
Piper glabratum Kunth
Piper grandifolium
Piper gualeanum
Piper guayasanum
西非胡椒 Piper guineense
海南蒟 Piper hainanense Hemsl.
山蒟 Piper hancei Maxim.
哈曼氏胡椒 Piper harmandii C. DC.
Piper hillianum C.DC.
Piper hispidinervum
河池胡椒 Piper hochiense Y. C. Tseng
Piper huigranum
Piper hydrolapathum
Piper hylebates
Piper hylophilum
Piper imperiale
沉果胡椒 Piper infossum Y. Q. Tseng
疏果胡椒 Piper interruptum Opiz
尖峰岭胡椒 Piper jianfenglingense C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan^[4]
风藤 Piper kadsura (Choisy) Ohwi
恆春風藤 Piper kawakamii Hayata
Piper kerrii Suwanph. and Y.Banchong, 2023^[5]
Piper kurzii Ridl.^[5]
绿岛胡椒 Piper kwashoense Hayata
大叶蒟 Piper laetispicum C. DC.^[5]
Piper lanatum Roxb.^[5]
Piper laevigatum Kunth, 1815
Piper leptostachyum Wall. ex Miq.^[5]
Piper lhotzkyanum Kunth
Piper lineatipilosum Yunck., 1959
陵水胡椒 Piper lingshuiense Y. C. Tseng
罗洛胡椒 Piper lolot C.DC., 1898
Piper lonchites Roem. & Schult.^[5]
Piper longicaudatum
蓽拔 Piper longum L.，长胡椒
Piper lucigaudens
Piper macrophyllum
粗梗胡椒 Piper macropodum C. DC.
麻根 Piper magen B. Q. Cheng ex C. L. Long & Jun Yang^[6]
Piper magnificum – Lacquered Pepper
Piper malacophyllum (C.Presl) C.DC.
Piper manabinum
Piper marginatum
Piper mekongense
Piper mendezense
Piper mestonii
Piper metallicum Hallier f., 1896
卡瓦胡椒 Piper methysticum Roxb.，为Piper majusculum Blume的异名
Piper mexiae (Trel.) Trel. & Yunck., 1950
柄果胡椒 Piper mischocarpum Y. C. Tseng
Piper molliusculum Sodiro, 1900
墨脱胡椒 Piper motuoense X.W.Qin, F.Su & C.Y.Hao, 2024^[7]
短蒟 Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
变叶胡椒 Piper mutabile C. DC.
Piper nanegalense
Piper napo-pastazanum
Piper nebuligaudens
黑胡椒 Piper nigrum L.，胡椒
Piper novae-hollandiae Giant Pepper Vine - 澳大利亚
裸果胡椒 Piper nudibaccatum Y. Q. Tseng
彩脉胡椒 Piper ornatum N.E.Br., 1884
Piper pachyphyllum – Mahalatsaka
角果胡椒 Piper pedicellatum C. DC.
Piper peepuloides Roxb.^[5]
Piper peltatum L., 1753
Piper permucronatum Yunck.
Piper perstrigosum Yunck., 1955
Piper phangngaense Suwanph. and Hodk., 2023^[5]
台东胡椒 Piper philippinum Miq.
屏边胡椒 Piper pingbienense Y. C. Tseng
Piper platylobum
线梗胡椒 Piper pleiocarpum C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
樟叶胡椒 Piper polysyphonum C. DC.
肉轴胡椒 Piper ponesheense C. DC.
Piper porphyrophyllum
Piper poscitum
Piper prietoi
Piper productispicum
Piper pseudonigrum
Piper pseudopothifolium C.DC.
毛叶胡椒 Piper puberulilimbum C. DC.
岩椒 Piper pubicatulum C. DC.
Piper puyoense
Piper quinchasense M. A. Jaram.^[8]
Piper regale
假荜拔 Piper retrofractum Vahl
Piper richardiifolium Kunth
Piper rugocarpum Y.Banchong and Suwanph., 2023^[5]
Piper rostratum Roxb.^[5]
Piper rubronodosum
Piper rubrovenosum
红果胡椒 Piper rubrum C. DC.
西贡胡椒 Piper saigonense
Piper saloyanum
Piper san-miguelense
假蒟 Piper sarmentosum Roxb.
斜叶蒟 Piper senporeiense Yamam.
Piper schuppii
塞舌尔胡椒 Piper seychellarum
Piper skutchii
Piper smitinandianum Suwanph. & Chantar. ^[5]
Piper sodiroi
短柄胡椒 Piper stipitiforme C. C. Chang ex Y. C. Tseng
Piper stipulosum
Piper subaduncum
多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve
C. DC.
- 狭叶多脉胡椒 Piper submultinerve var. nandanicum Y. C. Tseng
Piper subnitidifolium
缘毛胡椒 Piper semiimmersum C. DC.
半透明胡椒 Piper semi-transparens C.Y. Hao & Y.H. Tan^[9]
滇西胡椒 Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
Piper supernum
银叶胡椒 Piper sylvaticum Roxb., 长柄胡椒
台湾胡椒 Piper taiwanense T. T. Lin & S. Y. Lu
Piper tectonifolium Kunth
球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii
(C. DC.) Hook. f.
- 小叶球穗胡椒 Piper thomsonii var. microphyllum Y. C. Tseng
Piper trachyphyllum
Piper translucens Yunck.
Piper triandrum F.Muell.
三色胡椒 Piper tricolor Y. C. Tseng
Piper trioicum
Piper truman-yunckeri
Piper truncatum Vell.
瑞丽胡椒 Piper tsengianum M. G. Gilbert & N. H. Xia
粗穗胡椒 Piper tsangyuanense P. S. Chen & P. C. Zhu
大胡椒 Piper umbellatum L.
Piper unguiculatum
Piper valladolidense
Piper verrucosum
石南藤 Piper wallichii (Miq.) Hand.-Mazz.
Piper warakahoura
Piper wibomii
Piper wightii
盈江胡椒 Piper yinkiangense Y. C. Tseng
蒟子 Piper yunnanense Y. C. Tseng
Piper zarumanum

注释

^ Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae), American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, （原始内容存档于2010-06-30）
^ M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862
^ William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659
^ Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9
^ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08 引用错误：带有name属性“Suwanphakdee”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
^ 麻根——珍稀民族香料植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
^ Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494
^ M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405
^ Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1

外部链接

参考文献

Dyer, L.A. & Palmer, A.N. (2004): Piper: A model genus for studies of evolution, chemical ecology, and trophic interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston. ISBN 0-306-48498-6
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Gorman, Chester F. (1971): The Hoabinhian and After: Subsistence Patterns in Southeast Asia during the Late Pleistocene and Early Recent Periods. World Archaeology 2(3): 300-320. HTML abstract and first page image
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) (2007): 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. IUCN, Gland.
Lim, S.T.; Dragull, K.; Tang, C.S.; Bittenbender, H.C.; Efird, J.T. & Nerurkar P.V. (2007): Effects of Kava Alkaloid, Pipermethystine, and Kavalactones on Oxidative Stress and Cytochrome P450 in F-344 Rats. Toxicological Science 97(1): 214-221. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm035 PMID 17329236 PDF fulltext
Parkinson, John (1640): Theatrum Botanicum: the Theater of Plants, etc. T. Cotes, London.
Solomon, Charmaine (1998): Cha Plu. In: Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions. HTML fulltext （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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[jaramillo-1] Jaramillo, M. Alejandra, Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae), American Journal of Botany, 2001, 88: 706 [2010-01-29], PMID 11302858, doi:10.2307/2657072, （原始内容存档于2010-06-30）

[2] M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2023. Piper alwynii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Cordillera del Cóndor at the Border of Peru and Ecuador. Novon, A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature. DOI: 10.3417/2023862

[3] William Trujillo, Edwin Trujillo Trujillo and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. 2021. Piper callejasii (Piperaceae), A New Species from the Eastern Slopes of the Andes, Northern South America. Novon. 29: 200–205. DOI: 10.3417/2021659

[4] Chao-Yun Hao, Xiao-Wei Qin, Le-He Tan, Li-Song Hu, Gang Wu, Shui-Xing Luo, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2017. Piper jianfenglingense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Hainan Island, China. Phytotaxa. 331(1); 109–116. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.331.1.9

[Suwanphakdee-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 ^5.10 Chalermpol Suwanphakdee, David A. Simpson, Trevor R. Hodkinson and Pranom Chantaranothai. 2020. A Synopsis of Thai Piper (Piperaceae). Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany). 48(2), 145-183. DOI: 10.20531/tfb.2020.48.2.08 引用错误：带有name属性“Suwanphakdee”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次

[6] 麻根——珍稀民族香料植物新种. NSII. [2023-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.

[7] Fan Su, Xiao-Wei Qin, Rui Fan, Lin Yan, Xun-Zhi Ji and Chao-Yun Hao. 2024. Piper motuoense, A New Species of Piperaceae from Xizang, China. PhytoKeys. 238: 85-94. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.238.115494

[8] M. Alejandra Jaramillo, Dayro Rodríguez-Duque and Magda Escobar-Alba. 2023. A New Species of Piper (Piperaceae) with peltate leaves from Serranía de las Quinchas, Colombia. PhytoKeys. 227: 9-24. DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.227.101405

[9] Chao-Yun Hao, Bao-Duo Wu, Xiao-Wei Qin, Gang Wu, Hai-Yan Deng and Yun-Hong Tan. 2020. Morphological and Molecular Evidence for A New Species from China: Piper semi-transparens (Piperaceae). Phytotaxa. 429(3); 191–199. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.429.3.1

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