极权国家列表
本列表列出了曾经或现在的存在的极权国家。
本表列出的是极权国家而非威权国家。极权国家是一种极端的威权国家。相比于极权国家,威权国家的社会制度和经济制度并不受政府控制[1]。
极权国家一般具有强烈的官方意识形态,比如日本昭和天皇时期的天皇制国家主义,大德意志国的纳粹主义,苏联斯大林时期的斯大林主义,中国毛泽东时期的毛泽东主义,沙特阿拉伯王国的瓦哈比派等。还有一些威权主义政权是否是极权国家,比如满洲国、东德,还有待商榷。
列表
参考文献
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- ^ Rutland, Peter. The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union: The Role of Local Party Organs in Economic Management. Cambridge University Press. 1993: 9. ISBN 978-0-521-39241-9.
after 1953 ...This was still an oppressive regime, but not a totalitarian one.
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The era of 'social engineering' in the Soviet Union ended with the death of Stalin in 1953 or soon after; and that was the close of the totalitarian regime itself.
- ^ von Beyme, Klaus. On Political Culture, Cultural Policy, Art and Politics. Springer. 2014: 65. ISBN 978-3-319-01559-0.
The Soviet Union after the death of Stalin moved from totalitarianism to authoritarian rule.
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- ^ Thompson, M.R. Totalitarian and Post-Totalitarian Regimes in Transitions and Non-Transitions from Communism. Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 2002-06, 3 (1). ISSN 1469-0764. doi:10.1080/714005469 (英语).
- ^ Rummel, R.J. Charney, Israel W. , 编. Democide in totalitarian states: Mortacracies and megamurderers.. Transaction Publishers. 1994: 5.
There is much confusion about what is meant by totalitarian in the literature, including the denial that such systems even exist. I define a totalitarian state as one with a system of government that is unlimited constitutionally or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic secret and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was thus totalitarian, as was Mao's China, Pol Pot's Cambodia, Hitler's Germany, and U Ne Win's Burma
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