達薩 (梵語)
達薩（梵語： दास dāsa），在印度古文集《梨俱吠陀》和考底利耶的《政事論》中，[1]意指雅利安人之敵。[2]這個詞後來有其他含義，如「僕人」或「奴隸」或宗教意義上的「神僕」、「臣服於神的人」、「發願起誓」或「奉獻」，devadasa。
種族詮釋
在《梨俱吠陀》中Dasa、Dasyu和類似的詞語（比如Pani）有時與詞語krsna或asikni（“黑色”）聯合出現，這經常用作對吠陀經典做出種族詮釋的基礎。達薩人被描述成扁鼻、無鼻、黑皮肤，可被認為是印度原居民。
達薩的宗教
他们崇拜龍與陽具（林伽），梨俱吠陀有因陀羅用金剛打敗他們的龍（弗栗多）的記載。他們後來成為婆羅門教的首陀羅。
後期吠陀用法
坦米爾語中，tontai、達薩、僕人或奴隸一般指得都是毗濕奴或黑天的敬虔奉獻者。[3]
而在高迪亞毗濕奴派神學體系的敘述dāsa-bhūto harer eva nānyasvaiva kadācana中，bhuto（生靈）永遠服務（dasa）於至尊主（Hari）。[4]因此，svayam bhagavan Krishna（黑天主神）的毗濕奴派信眾指得就是Hari Dasa稱號中的dasa。[5]
延伸閱讀
- Bhagavan Shri Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird for the correct, nonracial meaning of the terms Dasyus and Asuras in their work "Divine Initiation"（ISBN 0-9582324-0-7）by Shri Kali Publications
- Ambedkar, B.R.（1946）Who were the Shudras?
- Aurobindo, Sri. 1971. The Secret of the Veda. Pondicherry: Shri Aurobindo Ashram.
- Bryant, Edwin: The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture. 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513777-9
- J. Bronkhorst and M.M. Deshpande. 1999. Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Elst, Koenraad Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate. 1999. ISBN 81-86471-77-4
- Frawley, David The Myth of the Aryan Invasion of India, 1995. New Delhi: Voice of India; In Search of the Cradle of Civilization, Chapter 6
- Hock, Hans. 1999b, Through a Glass Darkly: Modern "Racial" Interpretations vs. Textual and General Prehistoric Evidence on Arya and Dasa/Dasyu in Vedic Indo-Aryan Society." in Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia.
- Iyengar, Srinivas. 1914. "Did the Dravidians of India Obtain Their Culture from Aran Immigrant [sic]." Anthropos 1-15.
- Macdonell, A.A. and Keith, A.B. 1912. The Vedic Index of Names and Subjects.
- Parpola, Asko: 1988, The Coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the Cultural and Ethnic Identity of the Dasas; The problem of the Aryans and the Soma.
- Rg Veda 1854-57. Rig-Veda Samhita. tr. H.H. Wilson. London: H.Allen and Co.
- Schetelich, Maria. 1990, "The problem ot the "Dark Skin"（Krsna Tvac）in the Rgveda." Visva Bharati Annals 3:244-249.
- Sethna, K.D. 1992. The Problem of Aryan Origins. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
- Talageri, Shrikant G. 2000. The Rig Veda - A historical analysis.
- Trautmann, Thomas R. 1997, Aryans and British India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Witzel, Michael. 1995b, 325, fn, "Rgvedic History" in The Indo-Aryans of South Asia.
- ^ R.P. Kangle (1960), The Kautiliya Arthasastra - a critical edition, Vol. 2 and 3, University of Bombay Studies, ISBN 978-8120800427
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
bw的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Steven P. Hopkins. 妝點華美珠寶的飾品：獻給主神的愛情詩. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2007: 160. ISBN 0-19-532639-3.
- ^ Bhaktivedanta Swami, A. C.（1972）. The 薄伽梵歌如其所是, second edition. New York: Macmillan.
- ^ Talbot, Cynthia. 印度前殖民時期的實況：中世紀安得拉邦的社會、宗教和風貌. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2001: 81. ISBN 0-19-513661-6.