豹鬣狗
豹鬣狗 化石时期:
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豹鬣狗(C. lunensis)顱骨 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 哺乳纲 Mammalia |
目: | 食肉目 Carnivora |
科: | 鬣狗科 Hyaenidae |
亚科: | 鬣狗亚科 Hyaeninae |
属: | †豹鬣狗屬 Chasmaporthetes Hay, 1921 |
種 | |
見內文 | |
異名 | |
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豹鬣狗(Chasmaporthetes)是一屬已滅絕的鬣狗,分布於上新世至更新世時期(490 萬年前 - 78 萬年前,共約 412 萬年[1])的歐亞大陸、北美洲及非洲。豹鬣狗可能起源於中新世的鬣狗像是黑海鬣狗和狼鬣狗,本屬最古老的物種為 C. borissiaki[2]。C. ossifragus 是唯一於上新世跨越白令陸橋進入北美洲的一種鬣狗,於500-150萬年前的勃朗階及阿文頓階早期,分佈在阿利桑那州至墨西哥等地[2][3]。
物種
本屬目前已知共有 9 種[5]:
- Chasmaporthetes australis Hendey, 1974
- Chasmaporthetes bonisi Koufos, 1987
- Chasmaporthetes borissiaki Khomenko, 1932
- Chasmaporthetes exitelus Kurten & Werdelin, 1988
- Chasmaporthetes gangsriensis Tseng, Li, & Wang, 2013
- Chasmaporthetes lunensis (Del Campana, 1914)
- Chasmaporthetes melei Rook et al, 2004
- Chasmaporthetes nitidula Ewer, 1955
- Chasmaporthetes ossifragus Hay, 1921[6]
描述與古生態學
豹鬣狗有幼長的牙齒及四肢,前肢較後肢長。牠們生活在開闊的平原上,並像現今非洲的獵豹般追捕獵物。在歐洲,C. lunensis面臨與巨獵豹的競爭,牠們可能以小型蹬羚 Gazella borbonica 及山羊 Procamptoceras brivatense 為食[7]。北美洲的 C. ossifragus身體結構與 C. lunensis 類似,但擁有更強壯的下顎與牙齒。牠們可能以巨大旱獺 Paenemarmota 為食[2],並與恐犬競爭[8]。一項針對本屬物種前臼齒間距的研究顯示豹鬣狗可能為超級食肉動物而非現存鬣狗的食殼性(食殼性動物以有硬殼或堅硬的食物為食,例如骨頭)[9]。
參考文獻
- ^ PaleoBiology Database: Chasmaporthetes, basic info. [2019-03-16]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-13).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kurtén, Björn (1980) Pleistocene mammals of North America, p. 199, Columbia University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-231-03733-3
- ^ Macdonald, David (1992) The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores, p. 119-144, New York: Parkwest, ISBN 0-563-20844-9
- ^ Erberhart, George M. (2002) Mysterious Creatures: A Guide to Cryptozoology, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 1-57607-283-5
- ^ Tseng, Z.J.; et al. A new cursorial hyena from Tibet, and analysis of biostratigraphy, paleozoogeography, and dental morphology of Chasmaporthetes (Carnivora, Mammalia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2013, 33 (6): 1457–1471. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.775142.
- ^ Z. Jack Tseng, Grant Zazula and Lars Werdelin. 2019. First Fossils of Hyenas (Chasmaporthetes, Hyaenidae, Carnivora) from North of the Arctic Circle. Open Quaternary. 5(1) DOI: 10.5334/oq.64
- ^ Kurtén, Björn (1968) Pleistocene mammals of Europe, p. 68-69, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968
- ^ Wang, Xiaoming & Tedford, Richard H. (2008) Dogs: their fossil relatives and evolutionary history Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-13528-9
- ^ A. Hartstone-Rose (2011) Reconstructing the diets of extinct South African carnivorans from premolar ‘intercuspid notch’ morphology, Journal of Zoology, Vol. 284 Issue 2