摩哈赤战役

摩哈赤战役
	; 摩哈赤戰役畫像
日期	1526年8月29日
地点	摩哈赤平原
结果	奥斯曼帝国胜利，匈牙利国土一分为三
参战方
奥斯曼帝国克里米亞汗國;	匈牙利王國; 克羅埃西亞王國; 波希米亞王國; 神聖羅馬帝國; 巴伐利亞; 教宗国; 波蘭王國
指挥官与领导者
苏莱曼一世	拉约什二世 †; 柏爾·杜蒙尼 †; 佐波堯·捷爾吉 †
兵力
50,000-100,000人; 300門火砲	25,000–40,000人; 50門火砲
伤亡与损失
不詳但慘重，1,500-2,000新軍傷亡	14,000-20,000 -24,000死亡; 2,000名被處決的俘虜

摩哈赤

摩哈赤戰役的位置

摩哈赤战役（匈牙利語：mohácsi csata 或 mohácsi vész、土耳其語：Mohaç Savaşı 或 Mohaç Meydan Savaşı）发生于1526年8月29日，是土耳其第一次入侵匈牙利的战役。战役双方为拉约什二世率领的匈牙利王國军队及由苏莱曼一世率领的鄂圖曼军队。

准备工作

匈牙利已经长期对抗鄂圖曼帝國于南欧的扩张。匈牙利国王拉约什二世透过于1521年与奥地利的瑪麗联姻令王国与哈布斯堡王朝关系更加密切，而鄂圖曼帝国也知道必需打破这个初期的联盟；在拉约什二世拒绝维持和平的提议之后，鄂圖曼帝国决意出兵干预。在1526年6月，一支鄂圖曼远征军越过多瑙河攻击匈牙利本土。

匈牙利军队被分成三个主要部分:川西凡尼亚军团负责守卫喀尔巴阡山脉南部的关口，而军队主力由国王拉约什二世亲自指挥，而其它较小规模的军团则由克罗地亚伯爵克里斯托夫·法蘭高賓（英语：Christoph Frankopan）(Christopher Frankopan)指挥。由于王国地理位置的关系，土耳其军队直至在度过巴尔干山脉的时候才确定最后的攻击目标是王国首都。但在这时候川西凡尼亚军团比土耳其军队离开布达（现布达佩斯市西部城区，当时匈牙利王国首都）更远。之后有文献指出因特兰西瓦尼亚总督扎波尧伊·亚诺什的军队未能及时抵达，所以必须承担部分失利的责任。

匈牙利军队所选择的战场是多瑙河下游一片广阔但崎岖的平原，包括一些沼泽地。鄂圖曼军队之前几乎没有遇上任何抵抗。当拉约什二世于布达等待开战的时候，鄂圖曼军队已经围攻数个城镇并越过萨瓦河及德拉瓦河。拉约什二世集合了大约26,000名士兵，而當時鄂圖曼一方所集結兵力，保守估算是50,000人^[2]^[3]，另據考究現代的史學家們則認為其兵力當時達到了100,000人^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]。鄂圖曼一方在戰前徵召的巴爾幹軍團，據載大部分是波士尼亞人或克羅地亞人^[17]。匈牙利军队列好阵势，希望凭借地理优势获得这场战争的胜利。

战斗

真正的战斗只进行了两小时。起初苏莱曼一世的军队先锋，鲁米利亚军团，行进到战场之内，被由柏爾·杜蒙尼（英语：Pál Tomori）(Pál Tomori)所率领的匈牙利军队伏击後重創，战局并向匈牙利军队预计的情况发展，隨後匈牙利军队乘勝追擊直撲蘇丹的指揮部。有一段时间苏莱曼一世自己非常危险，匈牙利军队的箭击中了他的盔甲，最後由於新軍的槍炮火力網、大量的障礙物以及大量的徵招兵的自殺攻擊才成功穩住陣腳。但当奥斯曼军队主力于中午抵达后，战局迅速逆转由于未有及时增援，所以延误战机，匈牙利军队的进攻变成不能挽回的溃散。他们未能持续进攻，那些未有逃走的士兵被杀和俘虏。未能趕上首波攻勢的匈牙利國土傭僕部隊則拒絕投降，並在重創土耳其軍隊後全軍覆沒。據信拉约什二世是於黎明時分撤離戰場，但在跨越切萊流河（匈牙利語：Csele-patak）時跌下馬，被身披重甲拖累而溺亡。另外也有近千名匈牙利貴族及領戰者被殺，大致相信有超過14,000名匈牙利士兵在戰事開初陣亡^[7]^[8]。

战后

戰後，苏莱曼一世下令將戰俘全數滅口。两日后他于他的日记中写到:“苏丹得到大臣及酋长们的效忠，屠杀2,000名战俘，大雨如注。”^{[來源請求]}

这次胜利并未令鄂圖曼帝國得到想要的自身安全。战争意味着独立的匈牙利王國灭亡，但鄂圖曼军队于九月撤退，匈牙利王国剩余领土被拉约什二世的妻舅，哈布斯堡王朝的奥地利大公斐迪南夺取，并透过与上任匈牙利及波希米亚国王乌拉斯洛二世签订的条约继承这片土地。奥地利控制匈牙利北部三分一土地和现今的克罗地亚北部，而鄂圖曼帝國则得到匈牙利西南部和半独立的，由原总督扎波尧伊·亚诺什（他受到国内小贵族支持加冕为王，称亚诺什一世）统治特兰西瓦尼亚的宗主权，利用这些据点入侵东面仍然独立的匈牙利贵族及西北面的奥地利领地，后来更导致1529年鄂圖曼军队围攻维也纳，是为维也纳之围。

这场战役有时会与14世纪发生的尼科波利斯战役和克雷西会战比较，协同作战能力相对较差的匈牙利军队普遍受到较大损失，但纪律性较强的鄂圖曼军队则较少损失。

对于在东欧得到这个稳当的基地，鄂圖曼军队强大的重骑兵、有效率的轻骑兵及火炮将能不断对中欧进攻整整一个世纪。它们对匈牙利的影响，始于1529年鄂圖曼帝国支持扎波尧伊·亚诺什（擁有匈國東部的特兰西瓦尼亚）对抗斐迪南（擁有匈國西部），直至1699年鄂圖曼帝國對奧地利签订卡爾洛夫奇條約，割让匈牙利为止。

于摩哈赤的失败对很多匈牙利人来说是决定性的，是匈牙利日趋没落的历史转折点，並成为了匈牙利民族的一个创伤。对于这个日子，直至400年后的今日都仍然提醒匈牙利民族他们对于任何困境都仍然坚毅不屈。现时匈牙利人一旦遇上困境，他们都会说「在摩哈赤所失去的远比现时的多」（匈牙利语：Több is veszett Mohácsnál），藉此勉励自己面对困难。

参考书目

Lord Kinross, The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire (1977) ISBN 0-688-08093-6

參考資料

^ Ágoston, Gábor. Mohács, Battle of. Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (编). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. 2009: 388–389.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453, p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on 29 August 1526 the fateful battle of Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 30,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000 Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 lightly armed irregulars."
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men and 85 bore cannons (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania and Croatia failed to arrive.
^ Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-20）. (in Turkish)
^ Cathal J. Nolan, The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol. 2, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 602.
^ Battle of Mohacs | Summary. [2022-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28 barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, p. 311 "A peasant uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central Europe."
^ Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-20）. "According to the rûznâme kept during the battle, the Hungarian dead who remained in the square were not left in the middle and were buried, while the bodies of 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry were counted." (in Turkish)
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Spencer Tucker Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, p. 166 (published 2010)
^ Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 583 (published: 2009
^ Christian P. Potholm: Winning at war: seven keys to military victory throughout history, p. 117 (published in 2009)
^ William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel: World History, Volume: I p. 419, (published: 2006)
^ Stanley Lane-Poole: Turkey, p. 179 (published 2004)
^ Stephen Turnbull: The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699, p. 46
^ Battle of Mohács article （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Fine, John V. A. When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. 2010: 215. ISBN 978-0472025602.

延伸阅读

Stavrianos, L.S. Balkans Since 1453, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000.
Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, Osprey Publishing, 1988.
Stephen Turnbull, The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699, Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Molnár, Miklós, A Concise History of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Minahan, James B. One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Press, 2000.
Palffy, Geza. The Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg Monarchy in the Sixteenth Century (East European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, 2010) 406 pages; Covers the period after the battle of Mohacs in 1526 when the Kingdom of Hungary was partitioned in three, with one segment going to the Habsburgs.
History Foundation, Improvement of Balkan History Textbooks Project Reports (2001) ISBN 975-7306-91-6

[1] Ágoston, Gábor. Mohács, Battle of. Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (编). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. 2009: 388–389.

[Stavrianos-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Stavrianos, Balkans Since 1453, p. 26 "The latter group prevailed, and on 29 August 1526 the fateful battle of Mohacs was fought: 25,000 to 30,000 Hungarians and assorted allies on the one side, and on the other 45,000 Turkish regulars supported by 10,000 lightly armed irregulars."

[Nicolle-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Nicolle, David, Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe, 1000–1568, p. 13 "Hungary mustered some 25,000 men and 85 bore cannons (only 53 being used in actual battle), while for various reasons the troops from Transylvania and Croatia failed to arrive.

[4] Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-20）. (in Turkish)

[5] Cathal J. Nolan, The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Vol. 2, (Greenwood Press, 2006), 602.

[6] Battle of Mohacs | Summary. [2022-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-03）.

[Turner-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Turner & Corvisier & Childs, A Dictionary of Military History and the Art of War, pp. 365–366 "In 1526, at the battle of Mohács, the Hungarian army was destroyed by the Turks. King Louis II died, along with 7 bishops, 28 barons and most of his army (4,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry)."

[Minahan-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Minahan, One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, p. 311 "A peasant uprising, crushed in 1514, was followed by defeat by the Ottoman Turks at the battle of Mohacs in 1526. King Louis II and more than 20,000 of his men perished in battle, which marked the end of Hungarian power in Central Europe."

[9] Feridun Emecen,Battle of Mohacs. [2022-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-20）. "According to the rûznâme kept during the battle, the Hungarian dead who remained in the square were not left in the middle and were buried, while the bodies of 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry were counted." (in Turkish)

[Battles_That_Changed_History_2010-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Spencer Tucker Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, p. 166 (published 2010)

[ReferenceA-11] Gábor Ágoston,Bruce Alan Masters: Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 583 (published: 2009

[Christian_P._Potholm_page_117-12] Christian P. Potholm: Winning at war: seven keys to military victory throughout history, p. 117 (published in 2009)

[Duiker-13] William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel: World History, Volume: I p. 419, (published: 2006)

[Stanley_Lane-Poole_2004-14] Stanley Lane-Poole: Turkey, p. 179 (published 2004)

[Stephen_Turnbull_1699-15] Stephen Turnbull: The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699, p. 46

[16] Battle of Mohács article （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Encyclopædia Britannica

[Fine2010-17] Fine, John V. A. When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans: A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. University of Michigan Press. 2010: 215. ISBN 978-0472025602.

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