循环报道

循环报道，又称虚假确认，是来源批判的情况之一，指一条消息以貌似出自多个独立来源的形式出现，实际上仅出自单一来源^[1]^[2]。部分情况中，该问题由其他媒體搜集信息時過於草率而引起。然而在其他情形下，这个情况可能是由原创者故意捏造多個相似內容的來源，目的是增强人民对其信息的信任^[3]。

循环报道问题会在不同领域出现，包括情报搜集（英语：intelligence assessment）、新闻和学术研究。尤其在军事情报方面，由于原始来源传递错误信息的可能性非常高，加上报告链条更容易被遮盖，该问题受到特别关注。2002年尼日尔铀伪造品事件（英语：Niger uranium forgeries）是情报部门循环报道的经典实例^[4]。

维基百科的例子

维基百科偶尔会被批为循环报道的来源^[5]^[6]。因此，维基百科建议研究人员和记者警惕或尽量避免使用维基百科作为直接来源，而把焦点放在一篇條目中有参考资料而且经验证的內容^[7]。在下列实例中，由于循环报道，不实信息在维基百科和新闻来源中传播。兰德尔·门罗在他的讽刺漫画《Xkcd》中将这一现象称为“引文生成反應”（Citogenesis）^[8]。

维基百科与《北方回声报》：2014年1月，一位匿名用户在英国喜剧演员兼广告节目主持人戴夫·格罗曼（英语：Dave Gorman）的条目中添加了一段论述，称“他因受赞助商邀请参加环太平洋国家的搭便车之旅而告假”。就在这个说法遭受质疑时，东北英格兰地方日报《北方回声报》于之后（2014年9月）发表文章，引用该条目为证明。最终，格罗曼于2016年11月22日在他的英国电视节目《戴夫·高曼：畅享现代生活（英语：Dave Gorman: Modern Life Is Goodish）》中亲自确认该消息係捏造^[9]。
维基百科与《明镜》：2009年针对卡尔－特奥多尔·楚·古滕贝格^[10]^[11]。
维基百科与《独立报》：2007年，有假消息称沙查·巴隆·科恩在高盛上班^[12]。
维基百科与Coati：2008年，一名美国学生在修订英文维基百科的Coati（英语对南美浣熊亚族——包含长鼻浣熊属与南美浣熊属——物种共通的俗称）条目时增加内容“也被称为......巴西土豚”，致使随后许多人引用或是用这一未经证实的昵称，使其成为广泛共识，包括《独立报》^[13]、《每日快报》^[14]、《地铁报 (英国)》^[15]、《每日电讯报》^[16] 、芝加哥大学出版的一部著作^[17]及剑桥大学出版的一份学术论文^[18]。

参见

参考资料

^ Sterzer, Marcus; McDuff, Patrick; Flasz, Jacek. Note to File—The Challenge of Centralized Control Faced by the Intelligence Function in Afghanistan (PDF). Canadian Army Journal. Summer 2008, 11.2. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-05）.
^ Rozen, Laura. The Cocktail Napkin Plan for Regime Change in Iran. Mother Jones. 2008-06-07 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.
^ Hurley, Micheal T.; Smith, Kenton V. Chapter 8: The Aviv Report. I Solemnly Swear: Conmen, Dea, the Media and Pan Am 103. New York: iUniverse. : 129 [2019-06-26]. ISBN 0-595-29947-4. （原始内容存档于2020-07-29）. Circular reporting occurs when what is reported is fed back to the originator in revised fashion which makes it difficult to objectively view the end product until you can trace back the sources to determine where the original information actually came from. Pan Am would eventually try to play that game by trying to introduce into court news reports that they themselves had a hand in producing.
^ Drogin, Bob; Hamburger, Tom. Niger Uranium Rumors Wouldn't Die. Los Angeles Times. 2006-02-17 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）. This became a classic case of circular reporting," said a U.S. intelligence official who spoke on condition of anonymity because he is not authorized to talk to reporters. "It seemed like we were hearing it from lots of places. People didn't realize it was the same bad information coming in different doors. This is an interesting example of circular reporting.
^ Timmer, John. Wikipedia hoax points to limits of journalists’ research. Ars Technica. 2009-05-08 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-14）.
^ Harrison, Stephen. The Internet’s Dizzying Citogenesis Problem. Slate. 2019-03-07 [2019-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-07）.
^ Wikipedia:引用維基百科
^ Munroe, Randall (編劇、藝術家). 《Citogenesis"》《xkcd》, 第978期 (2011-11-16). 原始內容存檔於2011-11-18. [2020-05-24]. 存档副本. [2020-05-24]. 原始内容存档于2011-11-18.
^ Hardwick, Viv. Mears sets his sights on UK. The Northern Echo. 2014-09-09 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-29）. He once hitchhiked around the Pacific Rim countries
^ Wie ich Freiherr von Guttenberg zu Wilhelm machte. Bildblog. 2009-02-10 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05）（德语）.
^ kdawson. False Fact On Wikipedia Proves Itself. Slashdot. 2009-02-11 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-23）.
^ Wikipedia Article creates Circular references. Tech Debug. 2009-04-19 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05）.
^ Brown, Jonathan. From wallabies to chipmunks, the exotic creatures thriving in the UK. The Independent. 2010-06-21. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）. Coati (also known as the Brazilian aardvark): found in Cumbria
^ Ingham, John. Exotic animals could wipe out native wildlife. Daily Express. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）. There are also about 10 Brazilian aardvark in Cumbria
^ Scorpions, wallabies and aadvarks 'invading Britain'. Metro. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-25）. There are thought to be ten coatis, a kind of Brazilian aardvark, in Cumbria
^ Leach, Ben. Scorpions, Brazilian aardvarks and wallabies all found living wild in UK, study finds. The Daily Telegraph. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-25）.
^ Randall, Eric. How a Raccoon Became an Aardvark. The New Yorker. 2014-05-19 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-23）.
^ Safier, Neil. Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso’s Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Groesen, Michiel van (编). The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2014: 179 [2020-05-24]. ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）. In the case of the Coati, for instance, also known as the Brazilian aardvark, Buffon explained that “Marcgrave, and practically all of the Naturalists after him, said that the aardvark had six toes in its hind feet: M. Brisson is the only one who has not copied this error of Marcgrave.”

外部链接

[1] Sterzer, Marcus; McDuff, Patrick; Flasz, Jacek. Note to File—The Challenge of Centralized Control Faced by the Intelligence Function in Afghanistan (PDF). Canadian Army Journal. Summer 2008, 11.2. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2012-03-05）.

[MotherJones-2] Rozen, Laura. The Cocktail Napkin Plan for Regime Change in Iran. Mother Jones. 2008-06-07 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.

[3] Hurley, Micheal T.; Smith, Kenton V. Chapter 8: The Aviv Report. I Solemnly Swear: Conmen, Dea, the Media and Pan Am 103. New York: iUniverse. : 129 [2019-06-26]. ISBN 0-595-29947-4. （原始内容存档于2020-07-29）. Circular reporting occurs when what is reported is fed back to the originator in revised fashion which makes it difficult to objectively view the end product until you can trace back the sources to determine where the original information actually came from. Pan Am would eventually try to play that game by trying to introduce into court news reports that they themselves had a hand in producing.

[4] Drogin, Bob; Hamburger, Tom. Niger Uranium Rumors Wouldn't Die. Los Angeles Times. 2006-02-17 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）. This became a classic case of circular reporting," said a U.S. intelligence official who spoke on condition of anonymity because he is not authorized to talk to reporters. "It seemed like we were hearing it from lots of places. People didn't realize it was the same bad information coming in different doors. This is an interesting example of circular reporting.

[5] Timmer, John. Wikipedia hoax points to limits of journalists’ research. Ars Technica. 2009-05-08 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2012-04-14）.

[6] Harrison, Stephen. The Internet’s Dizzying Citogenesis Problem. Slate. 2019-03-07 [2019-07-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-07）.

[7] Wikipedia:引用維基百科

[8] Munroe, Randall (編劇、藝術家). 《Citogenesis"》《xkcd》, 第978期 (2011-11-16). 原始內容存檔於2011-11-18. [2020-05-24]. 存档副本. [2020-05-24]. 原始内容存档于2011-11-18.

[9] Hardwick, Viv. Mears sets his sights on UK. The Northern Echo. 2014-09-09 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-29）. He once hitchhiked around the Pacific Rim countries

[10] Wie ich Freiherr von Guttenberg zu Wilhelm machte. Bildblog. 2009-02-10 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05）（德语）.

[11] wson. False Fact On Wikipedia Proves Itself. Slashdot. 2009-02-11 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-23）.

[12] Wikipedia Article creates Circular references. Tech Debug. 2009-04-19 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-05）.

[13] Brown, Jonathan. From wallabies to chipmunks, the exotic creatures thriving in the UK. The Independent. 2010-06-21. （原始内容存档于2014-05-21）. Coati (also known as the Brazilian aardvark): found in Cumbria

[14] Ingham, John. Exotic animals could wipe out native wildlife. Daily Express. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）. There are also about 10 Brazilian aardvark in Cumbria

[15] Scorpions, wallabies and aadvarks 'invading Britain'. Metro. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-25）. There are thought to be ten coatis, a kind of Brazilian aardvark, in Cumbria

[16] Leach, Ben. Scorpions, Brazilian aardvarks and wallabies all found living wild in UK, study finds. The Daily Telegraph. 2010-06-21 [2019-07-05]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-25）.

[17] Randall, Eric. How a Raccoon Became an Aardvark. The New Yorker. 2014-05-19 [2019-06-26]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-23）.

[18] Safier, Neil. Beyond Brazilian Nature: The Editorial Itineraries of Marcgraf and Piso’s Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. Groesen, Michiel van (编). The Legacy of Dutch Brazil. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2014: 179 [2020-05-24]. ISBN 978-1-107-06117-0. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）. In the case of the Coati, for instance, also known as the Brazilian aardvark, Buffon explained that “Marcgrave, and practically all of the Naturalists after him, said that the aardvark had six toes in its hind feet: M. Brisson is the only one who has not copied this error of Marcgrave.”

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