塞尔苏斯图书馆

塞爾蘇斯圖書館
塞爾蘇斯圖書館
Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου
	塞爾蘇斯圖書館的正立面
类型	國家圖書館
屬於	古希臘、古羅馬
位置	以弗所
文化	古希臘、古羅馬
现状	部分修復
发掘日期	1903-1904年
公众参观	遺蹟
考古学家	沃爾克·邁克爾·斯特羅卡（Volker Michael Strocka）
	塞爾蘇斯圖書館在土耳其的位置

塞尔苏斯图书馆（希臘語：Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου）是一座位於今土耳其西部伊兹密尔省塞尔丘克附近，即安納托利亞以弗所的古羅馬建築。這座建築物於公元110年代由羅馬共和國的執政官提比留斯·尤利烏斯·阿奎拉·波萊米安努斯（Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus）委託建造，作為他父親提比留斯·尤利烏斯·塞爾蘇斯·波萊米安努斯（英语：Tiberius_Julius_Celsus_Polemaeanus）的紀念碑，後者曾是亞細亞的前资深执政官^[1]^[2]。這座圖書館在羅馬皇帝哈德良統治時期完成，大約是在阿奎拉去世後的某時期落成。^[3]^[4]

塞爾蘇斯圖書館被認為是一個建築奇蹟，是羅馬帝國內僅存的希臘-羅馬世界古代圖書館建築的代表性案例。是僅次於亚历山大图书馆和別加摩斯圖書館（英语：Library_of_Pergamum）的第三大圖書館，據信曾收藏大約12,000卷書籍。^[5]其中塞爾蘇斯則被埋葬在圖書館下方一個裝飾著大理石石棺的墓穴。^[6]^[7]內部面積約為180平方公尺（2,000平方英尺）。^[8]

圖書館內部在公元262年的一次火災中被摧毀，該火災可能是由地震或哥特戰爭（英语：Gothic_Wars）引起的。^[9]^[7] 外立面則於10或11世紀的地震中倒塌。^[10]數個世紀以來，它一直是一片廢墟，直到1970年至1978年期間，考古學家透過原物归位重新建立了立面。^[11]

历史

些索斯圖書館是現存为数不多的古罗马图书馆之一，證明公共图书馆不但兴建于罗马城，而且可見于全罗马帝国，其建築風格古罗马公共建筑的黄金典范。其前立面已被重建，这个大规模的修复工程方法相對忠於原來結構。些索斯圖書館可能是帝国其他地方未能保存下来图书馆的样本，因为其他罗马城市也有可能收藏文献，以使学生以及旅行的罗马人受益。这种图书馆可能也收藏当地文献，如果它们没有在罗马征服期间被毁。圣奥尔本斯和切姆斯福德就拥有这种罗马图书馆。

该大厦是一个大厅，根据维特鲁威的建议，面向东方，以充分利用早晨的光线。该图书馆建在一个平台上，前方有9级与整个建筑同宽的台阶，通向三个入口。中央的入口大于侧翼的两个入口，每个入口上方都以窗户进行装饰。入口两侧是四对立在基座上的爱奥尼柱。一列科林斯柱直接立在第一列柱子上方，增加了建筑物的高度。第二层的柱子划分出窗户，如同第一层的柱子划分出门，也设有壁龛以安放雕像。据认为有可能存在第三列柱子，但今天只有两列柱子。

该建筑的其他侧面在建筑上无关重要，因为图书馆的两侧都是建筑物。

建筑的内部没有完全恢复，是一个长方形的房间，宽17米，长11米，在半圓形後殿里有一尊塞尔苏斯或智慧女神雅典娜的雕像^[12]，一个拱形室的正下方为塞尔苏斯的墓。其他三面是长方形的凹槽，设有书柜和书架，存放12,000卷书。据说塞尔苏斯留下了25000迪纳厄斯的遗产以支付图书馆的阅读材料。

到达第二层和第三层的一组楼梯修入了墙体，为建筑增加了支撑，也有类似的壁龛存放书籍。天花板是平坦的，有可能中心是一个方形天窗，以提供更多的光线。

该图书馆的风格，连同华丽，平衡，计划周密的立面，反映了古希腊对罗马建筑的影响。建筑材料包括砖，混凝土，意味2世纪左右新材料在罗马帝国得到使用。

该建筑的立面描绘在2001-2005年2000万土耳其里拉纸币^[13]和2005-2009年20新里拉纸币的反面^[14]。

注释

^ Swain, Simon. Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2002: 57. ISBN 9780199255214. Nevertheless, in 92 the same office went to a Greek, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who belonged to a family of priests of Rome hailing from Sardis; entering the Senate under Vespasian, he was subsequently to be appointed proconsul of Asia under Trajan, possibly in 105/6. Celsus' son, Aquila, was also to be made suffectus in 110, although he is certainly remembered more as the builder of the famous library his father envisioned for Ephesus.
^ Nicols, John. Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28-31. Steiner. 1978: 109. ISBN 9783515023931. Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (PIR2 J 260) was a Romanized Greek of Ephesus or Sardis who became the first eastern consul.
^ Smith, Roland R. R. Cultural Choice and Political Identity in Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D.. The Journal of Roman Studies (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Roman Society). 1998, 88: 56–93. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300805. S2CID 154880233. doi:10.2307/300805.
^ Casson, Lionel. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001: 115.
^ Planet, Lonely. Library of Celsus - Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. [2016-10-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-10）.
^ Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov. From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times. University of Michigan Press. 1975: 65. ISBN 9780472084203. ...statues (lost except for their bases) were probably of Celsus, consul in A.D. 92, and his son Aquila, consul in A.D. 110. A cuirass statue stood in the central niche of the upper storey. Its identification oscillates between Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who is buried in a sarcophagus under the library, and Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, who completed the building for his father
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Celsus Library, Ephesos. World History Encyclopedia. [2016-10-02].
^ Library of Celsus. World History Encyclopedia. 22 July 2018 [13 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-03）.
^ Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell GReddish, A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 194.
^ Clive Foss, Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City, 劍橋: 劍橋大學出版社, 1979, p. 134.
^ Hartwig Schmidt, 'Reconstruction of Ancient Buildings', in Marta de la Torre (ed.), The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region (Conference, 6–12 May 1995, Getty Conservation Institute), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1997, pp. 46-7.
^ Ephesus: An OTTI Travel Company. "Celsus Library: Ephesus Turkey." Ephesus.us. 2009. [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved March 7, 2010.
^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Twenty Million Turkish Lira - I. Series 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-11-22.. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Banknote Museum: 8. Emission Group - Twenty New Turkish Lira - I. Series 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-24..
Announcement on the Withdrawal of E8 New Turkish Lira Banknotes from Circulation 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-04-22., 8 May 2007. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.

参考文献

Boethius, Axel; J.B. Ward-Perkins. Etruscan and Roman Architecture: The Pelican History of Art. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1970: 397. ISBN 978-0300052909.
Grant, Michael. Art in the Roman Empire. London: Routledge. 1995: 48–50. ISBN 978-0415120319.
Robertson, D.S. Greek and Roman Architecture. London: Cambridge University Press. 1964: 289–290. ISBN 978-0521094528.
Scarre, Christopher. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. London: Penguin. 1995: 76. ISBN 978-0140513295.
Greece and Asia Minor. The Cambridge Ancient History. XI, The High Empire AD 70-192. Cambridge University Press: 618–619, 631. ISBN 978-0521263351.
Library, Rome. The Brill’s New Pauly Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. 7, K-LYC. Brill Leiden: 502. 2005. ISBN 978-9004122598.

外部链接

fotopedia.com, Selected photos of the Library of Celsus
architecture.about.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Architecture, history, photos
ephesus.us （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, History, photos
sacred-destinations.com, History, travel, photos, map of the Library of Celsus site within the city of Ephesus
focusmm.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, History, architecture
classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography

37°56′20.9″N 27°20′26.7″E / 37.939139°N 27.340750°E / 37.939139; 27.340750

[Swain_2002-1] Swain, Simon. Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 2002: 57. ISBN 9780199255214. Nevertheless, in 92 the same office went to a Greek, Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who belonged to a family of priests of Rome hailing from Sardis; entering the Senate under Vespasian, he was subsequently to be appointed proconsul of Asia under Trajan, possibly in 105/6. Celsus' son, Aquila, was also to be made suffectus in 110, although he is certainly remembered more as the builder of the famous library his father envisioned for Ephesus.

[Nicols,_John_1978_109-2] Nicols, John. Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28-31. Steiner. 1978: 109. ISBN 9783515023931. Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus (PIR2 J 260) was a Romanized Greek of Ephesus or Sardis who became the first eastern consul.

[:3-3] Smith, Roland R. R. Cultural Choice and Political Identity in Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D.. The Journal of Roman Studies (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Roman Society). 1998, 88: 56–93. ISSN 0075-4358. JSTOR 300805. S2CID 154880233. doi:10.2307/300805.

[:1-4] Casson, Lionel. Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2001: 115.

[5] Planet, Lonely. Library of Celsus - Lonely Planet. Lonely Planet. [2016-10-10]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-10）.

[Hanfmann,_George_Maxim_Anossov_1975_65-6] Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov. From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times. University of Michigan Press. 1975: 65. ISBN 9780472084203. ...statues (lost except for their bases) were probably of Celsus, consul in A.D. 92, and his son Aquila, consul in A.D. 110. A cuirass statue stood in the central niche of the upper storey. Its identification oscillates between Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who is buried in a sarcophagus under the library, and Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, who completed the building for his father

[Celsus_Library,_Ephesos-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Celsus Library, Ephesos. World History Encyclopedia. [2016-10-02].

[8] Library of Celsus. World History Encyclopedia. 22 July 2018 [13 August 2020]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-03）.

[Clyde_E._Fant_2003,_p._194-9] Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell GReddish, A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 194.

[Clive_Foss_1979,_p._134-10] Clive Foss, Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City, 劍橋: 劍橋大學出版社, 1979, p. 134.

[Hartwig_Schmidt_1995,_pp._46-7-11] Hartwig Schmidt, 'Reconstruction of Ancient Buildings', in Marta de la Torre (ed.), The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region (Conference, 6–12 May 1995, Getty Conservation Institute), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1997, pp. 46-7.

[12] Ephesus: An OTTI Travel Company. "Celsus Library: Ephesus Turkey." Ephesus.us. 2009. [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Retrieved March 7, 2010.

[13] Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group - Twenty Million Turkish Lira - I. Series 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-11-22.. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.

[14] Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Banknote Museum: 8. Emission Group - Twenty New Turkish Lira - I. Series 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-02-24..
Announcement on the Withdrawal of E8 New Turkish Lira Banknotes from Circulation 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2009-04-22., 8 May 2007. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]