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地中海人種

维基百科，自由的百科全书
愛爾蘭人，地中海人種。
《Man, Past and Present》(1899年)，奥古斯都·亨利·基恩（英语：Augustus Henry Keane）著
西南英格兰地区德文郡的英格兰人，地中海人种。
《The Races of Europe: A Sociological Study》(1899年)，威廉·Z·里普利（英语：William Z. Ripley）著

地中海人種，是人類学在20世纪对欧洲高加索人種的一種分类[1]。他们分布範圍由爱尔兰西南、苏格兰南部、英国西部、威尔士、德国南部、東欧某些地方、西班牙、南欧、北非、中东、近东、中亚西部、南亚部分地区 [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]。

體貌特徵

地中海人種的特征是暗白膚色，其膚色暗白、黑发、勾鼻、身材强壮、深色眼球、窄头型（頭部長闊是七三之比）、長臉与身材不高（五英尺五英寸左右）。

分佈

意大利人，地中海人种。《The Racial Elements of European History 》(1927年)，汉斯·F·K·甘瑟（英语：Hans F.K. Günther）著。

赫胥黎之理論

19世紀英國生物學家托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎認為，地中海人种乃Xanthochroi（即北歐人種，屬高加索人種之一支）與澳大利亚人种之混合類型；東南歐、西亞及南亞之地中海人種，亦與蒙古人種混合。愛爾蘭人、威爾斯人、布列塔尼人、西班牙人、南義大利人、希臘人、亞美尼亞人、阿拉伯人、印度婆羅門階級人等，均屬此種人種[10]。

库恩理论

根据人类学家卡尔顿·库恩（英语：Carleton S. Coon）的说法，地中海人种的“家园和摇篮”在北非和西南亚，从摩洛哥到阿富汗。他进一步指出，地中海人种是巴基斯坦和北印度的主要人口组成部分。库恩说，体型较小的地中海人种在中石器时代从地中海盆地向北陆路进入欧洲。高个子地中海人种（大西洋-地中海人种）是新石器时代的海上入侵者，他们乘坐芦苇船航行，从近东起源地开始在地中海盆地定居。他们还在不列颠和爱尔兰像殖民者一样定居，今天可以看到他们的后代，其特征是深棕色头发、黑眼睛和强壮的特征。库恩在自己的著作中强调了地中海人种的核心作用，声称“地中海人种占据了舞台的中心；他们最集中的地区恰恰是文明最古老的地区。这是可以预料的，因为是他们创造了它从某种意义上说，它产生了它们”。[11]自18世纪后半期开始，伴随着工业革命的兴起，英国的地中海人种人口增长迅速。[12][13][14]

另有論者認為，在撒丁尼亚与科西嘉有正宗的地中海人种。[15]

種族理论

19世纪前，地中海人種是地中海与中东，印度文明奠基人与传播人（美索不達米亞，波斯，埃及，印度，迦太基，希臘和羅馬）。但在19世纪末科学种族主义与白人至上主义者兴起后，评價趋于低下，地中海人種被指与黑人混合導致罗马帝国覆亡。且在北欧种族主义者眼中不是真正白人，其与被认为是最优越的北欧人种相比，地中海人种被划分为高加索人种中较为低劣的一栏中。地中海人种被认为在工业革命后在英国迅速增长，尤其以城市地区为甚[16]，在前工业革命时代时，与北欧人种相比，该人种本为稀少的少数群体（占英国人口中的少量人种构成因素），但因该人种适应了该时代的生存法则，当时的劳动阶级人口多为地中海人种（与贵族阶级倾向为北欧人种成为对比），表现为适应了早期卫生条件差且拥挤的城市生活与城市化人口增长等因素，同时北欧人种却因为战争与移民而大量流失，只在空气与环境素质优良的乡村地区繁盛，使得地中海人种元素在世代中翻倍上升[17][18]，这种占少数的较古老人种增长的现象被诸多20世纪初的人类学家称之为“再现”（英语：Re-emergence），意为通过差异选择机制，以混血人口为载体，重新出现一个古老的人种实体。[19]非北欧人种的上升趋势被称为“去北欧化”（Denordization），当时的科学种族主义与北欧种族主义者纷纷对这种趋势感到担忧，他们认为法国与德国也同样遭遇了类似情况（阿尔卑斯人种增多并占据主导地位）。在1950年代之后，人类学家將地中海人種当作整体白人不再细分。

20世紀初一位意大利人類學家朱塞佩·塞吉說他們其實發源於東非，他們與早期智人關係比其他人種密切。

参考文献

  1. ^ Karim Murji, John Solomos. Racialization: Studies In Theory And Practice. Oxford University Press. 2005: 215. ISBN 0199257035. 
  2. ^ The Races of Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Carleton Stevens Coon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Chapter X: The British Isles – Great Britian, General Survey: "The industrial revolution, which has fostered dense under-privileged populations in the Midlands and on the Clyde, has enormously increased, by some selective process, the darker-haired and darker-eyed elements in Britain."
  3. ^ John Higham. Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925需要免费注册. Rutgers University Press. 2002: 273. ISBN 0-8135-3123-3. 
  4. ^ Bryan S Turner. The Early Sociology of Class. Taylor & Francis. 1998: 241. ISBN 0-415-16723-X. 
  5. ^ The Races of Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Carleton Stevens Coon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Chapter XI: The Mediterranean World – Introduction: "The next strip to follow, in a geographical sense, would be the whole highland belt of central Europe stretching over to the Balkans, to Asia Minor, and across to the Caucasus and Turkestan. This second zone, however, is one of immense racial complexity. In it various branches of the greater Mediterranean family, of Neolithic date and later, have been modified by combining in various proportions with each other and with the autochthonous Alpine race. The key to the complexity of this zone lies in the genetic action of this last entity, which is apparently a reduced, somewhat foetalized, or more highly evolved branch of the old Paleolithic stock than those which we have been studying in the north. Since, however, it is the action of this element upon the Mediterranean family which is important here, it will be easier to study this zone after having surveyed the population of a third belt, that occupied by the purest living representatives of the Mediterranean race. This third racial zone stretches from Spain across the Straits of Gibraltar to Morocco, and thence along the southern Mediterranean shores into Arabia, East Africa, Mesopotamia, and the Persian highlands; and across Afghanistan into India. This zone is one of comparative racial simplicity. In it the brunet Mediterranean race lives today in its various regional forms without, in most cases, the complication of the Paleolithic survivals and reemergences which have so confused the racial picture on the ground of Europe itself. Only in the mountains of Morocco and Algeria, and in the Canary Islands, is such a survival of any importance. The Careful study of living populations of the Mediterranean race in its early homelands will do much to simplify the task which lies ahead."
  6. ^ The Races of Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Carleton Stevens Coon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. From Chapter X: The British Isles: "The Neolithic economy was probably first brought to Britain by the bearers of the Windmill Hill culture from the Continent, and they in turn were members of the group which had invaded western Europe from North Africa by way of Gibraltar. The racial type to which these Windmill Hill people presumably belonged was a small Mediterranean, but there is little or no direct skeletal evidence from England to confirm this. By far the most important Neolithic movement into Great Britain, and into Ireland as well, came by sea from the eastern Mediterranean lands, using Spain as a halting point on the way. It was this invasion which passed up the Irish Channel to western and northern Scotland, and around to Denmark and Sweden. The settlers who came by sea were the Megalithic people, and belonged to a clearly differentiated variety of tall, extremely long-headed Mediterranean, which was presumably for the most part brunet. This racial group furnished both Great Britain and Ireland, which consisted, before their arrival, of nearly empty land, with a numerous and civilized population which has left many descendants today."
  7. ^ Patrizia Palumbo. A Place in the Sun: Africa in Italian Colonial Culture from Post-Unification to the Present. University of California Press, 2003. P. 66.
  8. ^ Anne Maxwell. Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Paperback edition. Sussex Academic Press, 2010. P. 150.
  9. ^ "Our area, from Morocco to Afghanistan, is the homeland and cradle of the Mediterranean race. Mediterraneans are found also in Spain, Portugal, most of Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean islands, and in all these places, as in Southwest Asia, they form the major genetic element in the local populations. In a dark-skinned and finer-boned form they are also found as the major population element in Pakistan and northern India ... The Mediterranean race, then, is indigenous to, and the principal element in, the Southwest Asia, and the greatest concentration of a highly evolved Mediterranean type falls among two of the most ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, notably the Arabs and the Jews (Although it may please neither party, this is the truth.). The Mediterraneans occupy the center of the stage; their areas of greatest concentration are precisely those where civilization is the oldest. This is to be expected, since it was they who produced it and it, in a sense, that produced them.", Carleton Stevens Coon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, the Story of the Middle East, 1958, pp. 154–157
  10. ^ On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind, Journal of the Ethnological Society of London (1870). [2023-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-12）. 
  11. ^ "Our area, from Morocco to Afghanistan, is the homeland and cradle of the Mediterranean race. Mediterraneans are found also in Spain, Portugal, most of Italy, Greece and the Mediterranean islands, and in all these places, as in Southwest Asia, they form the major genetic element in the local populations. In a dark-skinned and finer-boned form they are also found as the major population element in Pakistan and northern India ... The Mediterranean race, then, is indigenous to, and the principal element in, the Southwest Asia, and the greatest concentration of a highly evolved Mediterranean type falls among two of the most ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, notably the Arabs and the Jews (Although it may please neither party, this is the truth.). The Mediterraneans occupy the center of the stage; their areas of greatest concentration are precisely those where civilization is the oldest. This is to be expected, since it was they who produced it and it, in a sense, that produced them.", Carleton Stevens Coon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, the Story of the Middle East, 1958, pp. 154–157
  12. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens. The Races of Europe. Macmillan. 1939. 
  13. ^ The human Tide: How Population Shaped the Modern World （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Paul Morland （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Part One: Population and History: The Weight of Numbers: "The small, dark types in England increase noticeably with every generation."
  14. ^ Eugenical News, Volumes 12-14 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by American Eugenics Society （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. VOL. XIII: Further Notes on "The Racial Elements of European History": "In England, since the industrial revolution, the Mediterranean substratum has increased until it constitutes nearly one half of the population."
  15. ^ The Popular Science Monthly, Volume 51，第193頁，載於Google圖書
  16. ^ Coon, Carleton Stevens. The Races of Europe. Macmillan. 1939. 
  17. ^ Racial Realities in Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Lothrop Stoddard. Chapter I: Racial Realities in Europe: "A century ago Europe began to bo transformed from an agricultural to an urbanized, industrial area. Countless cities and manufacturing centres grew up, where men were close packed and were subjected to all the evils of congested living. Of course, such conditions are not ideal for any stock. Nevertheless, the Nordic suffered more than any one else. The Nordic is essentially a high standard man. He requires healthful living conditions, and pines when deprived of good food, fresh air, and exercise. Too long as Europe was mainly agricultural the Nordic usually got these things. In fact, in cool Northern and Central Europe an agricultural environment actually favored the big blond Nordic as against the slighter, less muscular Mediterranean, while in the hotter south the Nordic upper class, being the rulers, were protected from field labor and thus survived as an aristocracy. Under modern conditions, however, the crowded city and the cramped factory weed out the Nordic much faster than they do the Alpine or the Mediterranean, both of which stocks seem to be able to stand such an environment with less damage to themselves. It is needless to add that the late war and its aftermath have been terrible blows to the Nordic race."
  18. ^ Racial Realities in Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Lothrop Stoddard. Chapter I: Racial Realities in Europe: "In England the Mediterranean element seems to be increasing. A century or two ago it was probably insignificant. Since then the growth of city and factory life, emigration of Nordics, and immigration of Welsh and Irish laborers have combined to make the Mediterranean element a growing factor. Wales seems to be about three-fifths Mediterranean, while Ireland is over two-thirds Mediterranean in blood."
  19. ^ The Races of Europe （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Carleton Stevens Coon. Glossary: Appendix II: Reëmergence: "The reappearance of an older racial entity through the vehicle of a mixed population by the mechanism of differential selection."

参见

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