使用者:Vanished user 1231123/沙盒/TS26

對抗條件反射作用 （又稱為刺激替代）是功能分析中行為分析的原則之一，包含不需要行為的條件作用、反應轉為想要行為的刺激或使用刺激關聯積極行為。假設一個訓練狗的場景，在此場景中訓練者將會使用當狗對刺激表現出焦慮或緊張時愛撫或使其平靜的方法來製造積極反應。如此一來，積極反應將會與刺激關聯起來。

創立者

瑪麗·瓊斯是展現對抗條件反射過程有效性的第一人。在她的兔子實驗中，她成功消除了一位小男孩對兔子的恐懼。兔子首先被放在離小男孩很遠的地方，隨後在小男孩吃他最喜歡的食物時被放置的越來越近。瓊斯允許小男孩撫摸兔子與吃食物以減少他在觸碰兔子的過程中所帶來的焦慮。最終，小男孩得以在無恐懼兔子的情況下養育它。因為在此過程中，兔子所帶來的不愉快和害怕的刺激被食物所帶來的愉快刺激所取代。But Jones was not the only one working on this process of conditioning, J.B. Watson and R. Rayner suggested a process similar to that of Jones and also shortly after the rabbit experiments were published 巴甫洛夫 used a similar procedure for a dog that was agitated by his experiments.

與消退相比

Counterconditioning is very similar to 消弱 seen in 古典制約. It is the process of getting rid of an unwanted response. But in counterconditioning, the unwanted response does not just disappear, it is replaced by a new, wanted response. "The conditioned stimulus is presented with the unconditioned stimulus". This also can be thought of as stimulus substitution. The weaker stimulus will be replaced by the stronger stimulus. When counterconditioning is successful, the process can not just be explained by simply substitution of a stimulus. It usually is explained by things such as conditioned inhibition, habituation, or extinction.

常見治療用法

It is a common treatment for 侵略 (社會科學), 恐懼, and 恐懼症. The use of counter conditioning is widely used for treatment in humans as well as animals. The most common goal is to decrease or increase the want or desire to the stimulus. One of the most widely used types of counter conditioning is systematic desensitization. This technique uses muscle relaxation instead of food as the positive counter stimulus. The main goal in this treatment is to reduce fear to a certain feared stimulus.

生平註解

1. Richard J. Gerrig and Philip G. Zimbardo start to the explain the process of counter conditioning it their article. Explaining the process with people along with animals such as dogs.
2. Aaron E. Blaisdell, James C. Denniston, Hernan I. Savastano, and Ralph R. Miller were the authors of this article. This article explains the biological effects of conditioning and counter conditioning. They also show and explain the results of their experiments using the techniques of conditioning.
3. Edward W. Craighead and Charles B. Nemeroff go into much detail about counter conditioning. They explain the differences between classical conditioning and counter conditioning and also explain how counter conditioning works. Along with the explanation of the process they tell how the process came about and who did the experiments leading to counter conditioning's discovery.