使用者:Addis-Bot/20140530/List of diplomatic missions in Hamburg
Hamburg's history of diplomatic missions started in the 16th century, in that time the city was a free imperial city. The first missions from the city of Hamburg to other countries date back to the Middle Ages and Hamburg's participation in the Hanseatic league. At first representatives were called Oldermänner or by the English term "Courtmaster", later in the style of the common "Consul".[1] As of 2009, there were 100 consulates in Hamburg, ranked the third-largest in the world (after New York City and Hong Kong) and largest in Europe.[2] The consuls are official representatives of the government of a foreign state to the city of Hamburg, normally acting to assist the citizens of the consul's own country, to represent his country's interests, and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of Hamburg and the country of which he is a representative. There are several consuls providing assistance with bureaucratic issues to both, the citizens of the consul's own country travelling or living abroad, and to Hamburg's citizens (and often Northern Germany, e.g. the Consulate-general of Japan[3]), who wish to trade with the consul's country (e.g. information about visa or customs duties). Consuls are also patrons of fairs or exhibitions, like US Consul General Karen E. Johnson was the patron of the Youth Exchange Fair in September 2009.[4]
In the 19th century Hamburg was an important location for diplomatic missions, because of the prestige gained by the Hanseatic cities and the importance as a centre of commerce. The trade and independent striving of the Hanseatic cities of Bremen, Lübeck and Hamburg for the "common German service" were even named in the Westphalian peace treaty in 1648, and the Hanseatic and later Hamburgian consuls during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries were also representatives for "all fellow Germans".[5] The Senate of Hamburg often opened a consulate to cities and countries, if a trade post existed, esp. by shipping. There were very few cities like Dresden—then capital of Saxony—without a sea port. Treaties were signed, if a proper unsalaried candidate for the position had been found.[6] Article 23 of the treaty between the Hanseatic cities and Guatemala signed on 25 June 1847 decreed the bilateral deployment of consuls, or article 9 of the treaty with Sardinia ruled the judicial authority of the Hanseatic consuls.[7] Even in 20th century, the importance of Hamburg is emphasized by the position of the port of Hamburg in the world's ranking. In 2007, it was one of the busiest container ports of the world.[8] In the segment of transshipment Hamburg was in a leading position in 2004. In 2005, the port handled more containers with destination or provenance in Germany as Bremerhaven and Rotterdam combined.[9]
The first mission established, was from Austria (then Habsburg Monarchy) in 1570, the Slovak Republic's consulate was the 100th in 2006,[2] and the last one was the consulate of the Palau (as of 2009), former German colony from 1899 until 1918/19.[10][11] The first missions visiting Hamburg often were trade missions of foreign countries. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) constant diplomatic missions were needed, most of those envoys or residents were Hamburg citizens—only large and most influential states sent own nationals.[12] Some countries sent their missions from 1815 – 1886, at this time Hamburg was an independent and sovereign state of the German Confederation.[13]
List
(As of July 2009)
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See also
- List of diplomats from the United Kingdom to the Hanseatic League
- List of diplomatic missions in Germany
- List of diplomatic missions in Hong Kong
Notes
- ^^ Date of establishment
- ^^ Sorted by postal code
- ^^ Protocolic rank of the consul in Hamburg, depends on the type of the mission and the term in office. (As of July 2009)
References
- ^ Beneke, p. 1
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Konsulate in Hamburg. Senatskanzlei. [2009-09-01] (German).
- ^ Über uns > Zuständigkeitsbereiche. Japanisches Generalkonsulat Hamburg. [2009-10-22] (German及Japanese selectable). [失效連結]
- ^ Schüleraustausch-Messe am 19. September 2009. BürgerStiftung Region Ahrensburg. [2009-10-22] (German). [失效連結]
- ^ Beneke, pp. 10–11
- ^ Beneke, p. 8
- ^ Beneke, pp. 13–14
- ^ Staff. Containerumschlag in TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalent Units). Hafen Hamburg. [2009-10-23] (German).
- ^ Nachrichten " Hamburger Hafen top. VOCA media. 2008-02-25 [2009-10-23] (German).
- ^ Background Note: Palau. U.S. Department of State. August 2009 [2009-09-02].
- ^ Statistische Angaben zu den deutschen Kolonien. Deutsches Historisches Museum. [2009-09-02] (German).
- ^ Lorenzen-Schmidt, Klaus-Joachim. Konsulate. Hamburg Lexikon 3. Ellert&Richter: 282. 2005. ISBN 3-8319-0179-1. (德文)
- ^ Hundt, Michael. Souveränität. Hamburg Lexikon 3. Ellert&Richter: 439–440. 2005. ISBN 3-8319-0179-1. (德文)
- ^ Vertretungen im Ausland umstrukturiert. Wiener Zeitung. 2009-05-07 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ Generalkonsulat eröffnet: Königlicher Glanz: Mette-Marit in Hamburg. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 2006-10-18 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ Schwedisches Konsulat in Hamburg schließt. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 2008-03-07 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ Jean-Michel Berthoud. Aus für älteste Schweizer Vertretung in Deutschland. swissinfo.ch. 2008-09-19 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ Sebastian Knauer. Round-the-Clock Security for Skeleton Staff. Der Spiegel. 2007-01-30 [2009-09-02].
- ^ Britisches Generalkonsulat in Hamburg endgültig geschlossen. Norddeutscher Rundfunk. 2006-09-29 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ Mordecai Paldiel. Diplomat heroes of the Holocaust. Jersey City, NY: Ktav. 2007: 26. ISBN 978-0-88125-909-4.
Aracy de Carvalho Guimarães Rosa
- ^ Büro für deutsch-russischen Jugendaustausch ab Herbst in Hamburg. ngo-online.de. 2005-04-12 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ William D. Coale. West German transnationals in tropical Africa: the case of Liberia and the Bong Mining Company. Forschungsberichte, Afrika-Studienstelle (Ifo-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung). Band 59 (Ifo-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung). 1978: 41. ISBN 978-3-8039-0165-1.
- ^ The Life Journey of Momolu Massaquoi, First African Diplomat. Daily Observer. 2009-08-24 [2009-09-02].
- ^ Venn, Lia. Ade, Frau Antje. fr-online.de. 2009-06-17 [2009-09-03] (German).
- ^ Hermógenes E. Bacareza. A history of Philippine-German relations. University of California: 157. 1980.
- ^ Frankfurters. Hamburgers, and bonners. Manila Bulletin. 2009-08-30 [2009-09-02].
- ^ Hedges, Chris. An 'Us vs. Them' Mantra Raises the Balkan Fever. The New York Times. 1997-01-11 [2009-09-02].
- Main
- Liste des Konsularkorps sowie der Handelsvertretungen, der kulturellen Institute und der internationalen Institutionen in der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (PDF). Hamburg: Der Stenat der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg, Senatskanzlei. July 2009 (German).
- Beneke, Otto. Zur Geschichte des hamburgischen Consulatwesens. Hamburg: Stadtarchiv. 1866. OCLC 258563265.
Further reading
- Ahrens, Michael. Das britische Generalkonsulat am Harvesterhuder Weg: Handel, Kultur und Diplomatie - 100 Jahre Geschichte einer Alster-Villa 英語:The British Consulate-General in Harvestehuder Weg. Hamburg: Britisches Generalkonsulat Hamburg. 2003. OCLC 249041882.
External links
- Hamburg website on consulates. (德文). Retrieved on 2009-09-03.