使用者:人間百態/瑪爾塔·波馬
| 瑪爾塔·波馬 | |
|---|---|
_Chamber_of_Senators_of_Bolivia.png) Official portrait, 2012 | |
| 拉巴斯省參議員 | |
| 任期 2010年1月19日—2015年1月18日 | |
| 替補者 | 維克托·卡斯楚 |
| 前任 | 路易斯·巴斯克斯 |
| 繼任 | 豪爾赫·肖克 |
| 個人資料 | |
| 出生 | Martha Poma Luque 1964年11月19日 Chojñapata Chiñaja, La Paz, Bolivia |
| 政黨 | Movement for Socialism (2006–present) |
| 其他政黨 | Integrative Social Autonomy (2004) |
| 職業 |
|
Martha Poma Luque (born 19 November 1964) is a Bolivian politician, trade unionist, and textile artisan who served as senator for La Paz from 2010 to 2015.
Born in highland Omasuyos Province, Poma spent her youth between the rural Altiplano and the migrant city of El Alto. A daughter of artisans, she worked in handicrafts, producing traditional indigenous textiles for much of her life. Poma taught women's workshops on weaving and sewing for the Catholic charity Caritas and held leadership positions in artisan organizations, including as general secretary of the Pachamama Artisans' Association. She served as chair of the Central Council of Artisans of El Alto and represented her trade's labor organizations at the Regional Worker Center and the National Confederation of Artisans.
Following an unsuccessful campaign for a seat on the El Alto Municipal Council in 2004, Poma joined the ranks of the ruling Movement for Socialism. She failed in her first bid for Constituent Assembly in 2006 and finally won a seat in the Senate in 2009. Poma was the first indigenous woman to represent La Paz in the Senate and the first to serve on its directorate. As a representative of El Alto's artisan sector, Poma led the push to revive a long-gridlocked artisanry bill and defended her constituency even when their position conflicted with ruling party policy. She was not nominated for reelection.
Early life and career
Early life and education
Martha Poma was born on 19 November 1964 in Chojñapata Chiñaja,[α] a canton in the Ancoraimes Municipality of western La Paz's highland Omasuyos Province.[3] Poma was the lone daughter in a family of twelve siblings;[4] her parents, both artisans, made their livings in multiple fields: Poma's mother operated a small family-owned restaurant and specialized in embroidery in her off time, while her father made weavings from alpaca fiber during his days away from the mines.[5]
Poma spent her youth between the city and the countryside. Her family practiced agriculture and animal husbandry on the Altiplano; she was taught to work the fields, harvesting traditional Andean crops, primarily maize and potatoes. From age 4, Poma spent regular stints in La Paz's west end (now El Alto),[6] where she attended the Henriette de la Chevalier School up through her third year of intermediate.[7] She completed the remainder of her studies at adult school, graduating with a baccalaureate from the Center for Accelerated Secondary Education in 2003.[8]
Career and trade unionism
Like her parents, Poma worked as a textile artisan for a significant part of her life. She labored for over two decades producing traditional indigenous textiles of the region:[2] alpaca fiber garments, macramé, polleras, etc.[9] Her family sold their handicraft on the informal market, the dominant trade channel in El Alto and La Paz's urban periphery.[10] To improve her skill, Poma attended regular training workshops hosted by the Pastoral Social,[5] and she worked directly with the Church-affiliated charity Caritas Bolivia to deliver classes on sewing and weaving.[10] Poma spent eighteen years as a trainer for Caritas's Pachamama Center from 1988 to 2005, providing vocational education to over 1,000 women in El Alto and surrounding provinces. During this time, she served as general secretary of the Pachamama Artisans' Association.[11]
Poma also held local civic positions as chair of her son's school board from 1994 to 2000 and president of her community's neighborhood council for two years afterward. At the same time, she made headwinds in her sector's trade union circuit: she served as executive secretary of the Central Council of Artisans of El Alto from 1992 to 1996 and was a regional executive of the National Confederation of Artisans of Bolivia from 1998 to 2001. As a representative of the city's seventy-four artisan organizations, Poma also held a seat on the directorate of the El Alto Regional Worker Center.[12]
Chamber of Senators
Election
Poma ran for a seat on the El Alto Municipal Council in 2004 as part of a slate of candidates presented by Integrative Social Autonomy (ASI), a minor political front. The 2004 municipal elections were the first to allow local political organizations to compete, and many groups were formed to contest it; in El Alto, the field was especially crowded. Most smaller contenders saw disappointing showings: Poma – who headlined ASI's list of substitute councillors – was not elected, as ASI won no seats.[10]
Poma ran again for public office in 2006, this time with a more established front: the governing Movement for Socialism (MAS). She was nominated for a party-list seat in the Constituent Assembly, though in a low slot that gave negligible prospects for victory. In effect, the electoral system in place in 2006 made it improbable for any party – no matter how dominant – to win more than two, at most three, party-list constituents.[13] Poma's name was kept in mind for future contests, and in 2009, allied social movement organizations affiliated with the MAS nominated her for a seat in the Senate.[14] On this occasion, she won.[15]
Tenure
Poma was the first indigenous chola and co-second woman[β] to represent La Paz in the Senate.[16] Following the accession of senator René Martínez to the presidency of the Senate, Poma was voted to replace him as first vice president,[17] making her the first indigenous woman to serve on the upper chamber's governing directorate.[18]
In office, Poma's legislative priorities centered on the needs of her sectoral base: artisans. She was the driving force behind the passage of Bolivia's Artisanry Promotion Law, enacted in 2012 after a near-quarter-century of being stuck in development.[19] The legislation formally incorporated the country's artisan craftsmen – metal, textile, and woodworkers, tailors, even painters and photographers, etc. – into the organized economy, allowing for greater ease of doing business and providing tradesmen state-allocated funds for vocational training, business, and sales support.[20]
On occasion, Poma's sectoral loyalties transcended partisan affiliation. In one notable instance, Poma was the lone ruling party senator to oppose a bill providing limited amnesty for drivers of unregistered vehicles.[21] She argued that it would incentivize peddlers of contraband second-hand clothes to seek their own pardon, to the detriment of legitimate clothiers.[22]
In keeping with the MAS's general practice of rotating out its incumbent representatives in favor of new cadres, Poma was not nominated for reelection in 2014, concluding her legislative service after just one term.[10] She was briefly placed in contention for the El Alto mayoralty when the party was analyzing running a woman in the 2015 election.[23] Former minister Mabel Monje won out there before it was ultimately decided to re-nominate incumbent Edgar Patana,[24] who went on to lose reelection.[25]
Commission assignments
- Chamber of Senators Directorate (First Vice President: 2010–2012)[26][27]
- State Security, Armed Forces, and Bolivian Police Commission
- Armed Forces and Bolivian Police Committee (Secretary: 2013–2014)[28]
- Plural Economy, Production, Industry, and Industrialization Commission (President: 2012–2013, 2014–2015)[29][30]
- Plural Economy, Productive Development, Public Works, and Infrastructure Committee (Secretary: 2010)[31]
Electoral history
| Year | Office | Party | Votes | Result | Ref. | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | ||||||
| 2004 | Councillor | Integrative Social Autonomy | 2,929 | 1.09% | 6th | Lost | [32][γ] | |
| 2006 | Constituent | Movement for Socialism | 558,886 | 63.82% | 1st | Lost | [33][γ] | |
| 2009 | Senator | Movement for Socialism | 1,099,259 | 80.28% | 1st | Won | [34][γ] | |
| Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas | ||||||||
References
Notes
- ^ Poma's exact place of birth is unclear. One source cites Chojñapata,[1] while another names the nearby village of Chiñaja.[2] Both settlements form the namesake of the Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton.
- ^ After Ana María Flores; alongside Ana María Romero, who took office at the same time.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Presented on an electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.
Footnotes
- ^ Nuevo Estado 2013，第19頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 La Prensa 2011.
- ^ La Prensa 2011; Nuevo Estado 2013，第19頁.
- ^ La Prensa 2011; Gonzales Salas 2013，第449頁; Nuevo Estado 2013，第19頁.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Gonzales Salas 2013，第449頁.
- ^ Página Siete 2012; Gonzales Salas 2013，第449頁.
- ^ La Prensa 2011; Gonzales Salas 2013，第449頁.
- ^ Nuevo Estado 2013，第19頁; Romero Ballivián 2018，第463頁.
- ^ Página Siete 2012.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Romero Ballivián 2018，第463頁.
- ^ Página Siete 2012; Nuevo Estado 2013，第19頁.
- ^ Gonzales Salas 2013，第449–450頁; Romero Ballivián 2018，第463頁.
- ^ El Diario 2006，第1頁; Romero Ballivián 2018，第90–91; 463頁.
- ^ El Alto Digital 2009; Gonzales Salas 2013，第450頁; Romero Ballivián 2018，第463頁.
- ^ La Prensa 2009.
- ^ Romero Ballivián 2018，第233; 462–463; 518–519頁.
- ^ La Patria 2010，第1頁.
- ^ Fundación Periodismo 2022.
- ^ Los Tiempos 2011; La Razón 2012.
- ^ Opinión 2012.
- ^ El Día 2011.
- ^ La Palabra del Beni 2011，第16頁; La Patria 2011，第1頁.
- ^ Radio Pachamama 2014a; Radio Pachamama 2014b.
- ^ Noticias Fides 2014.
- ^ El Compadre 2015，第5頁.
- ^ Prensa Senado 2010.
- ^ Opinión 2011，第5頁.
- ^ Prensa Senado 2013.
- ^ Prensa Senado 2012.
- ^ Prensa Senado 2014.
- ^ El Diario 2010.
- ^ Atlas Electoral 2004.
- ^ Atlas Electoral 2006.
- ^ Atlas Electoral 2009.
Works cited
Online and list sources
- Comisiones y Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2010–2011. El Diario (La Paz). 3 February 2010 [17 February 2023]. （原始內容存檔於16 March 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Comisiones y Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2012–2013. senado.bo. La Paz: Cámara de Senadores del Estado Plurinacional. 27 January 2012 [1 March 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 May 2018） （西班牙語）.
- Comisiones y Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2013–2014. senado.bo. La Paz: Cámara de Senadores del Estado Plurinacional. 24 January 2013 [17 February 2023]. （原始內容存檔於20 November 2013） （西班牙語）.
- Comisiones y Comités: Gestión Legislativa 2014–2015. senado.bo. La Paz: Cámara de Senadores del Estado Plurinacional. 27 January 2014 [17 February 2023]. （原始內容存檔於29 June 2014） （西班牙語）.
- Directiva Camaral: Gestión Legislativa 2010–2011. senado.bo. La Paz: Cámara de Senadores del Estado Plurinacional. 2 November 2010 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於18 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Directiva Camaral: Gestión Legislativa 2011–2012. Opinión (Cochabamba). 21 January 2011: 5 [17 July 2023] –透過the Internet Archive （西班牙語）.
- Elecciones Municipales 2004 | Atlas Electoral. atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo. La Paz: Órgano Electoral Plurinacional. [2023-07-12] （西班牙語）.
- Elecciones Constituyentes 2006 | Atlas Electoral. atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo. La Paz: Órgano Electoral Plurinacional. [2023-07-12]. （原始內容存檔於2023-07-12） （西班牙語）.
- Elecciones Generales 2009 | Atlas Electoral. atlaselectoral.oep.org.bo. La Paz: Órgano Electoral Plurinacional. [2023-07-12]. （原始內容存檔於2022-06-01） （西班牙語）.
- Nómina de candidatos a constituyentes por el departamento de La Paz. El Diario (La Paz). 9 April 2006: 1 [17 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於9 April 2023） （西班牙語）.
Digital and print publications
- Artesanos logran ley después de 26 años de peregrinaje [Artisans Achieve Law After 26 Years of Negotiations]. Opinión (Cochabamba). 3 November 2012 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Choque, Freddy Grover. Martha Poma: 'Regularizar chutos dará paso al reingreso libre de la ropa usada' [Martha Poma: "Regularizing 'Chutos' Will Give Way to the Free Entry of Contraband Clothing"]. La Prensa (La Paz). 21 May 2011 [12 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於25 May 2011） （西班牙語）.
- Edgar Patana es el candidato para la alcaldía de El Alto por el MAS [Edgar Patana Is the MAS's Candidate for the El Alto Mayoralty]. La Paz. Agencia de Noticias Fides. 19 December 2014 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Farfán, Williams. Evo promulga la Ley de Promoción del Artesano [Evo Signs Artisanry Promotion Law]. La Razón (La Paz). 9 November 2012 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- FEJUVE y COR alteñas eligieron candidatos uninominales para el MAS [El Alto FEJUVE and COR Elect the MAS's Single-Member Candidates]. El Alto Digital. 3 September 2009 [23 September 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 September 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Histórico: El MAS busca a una mujer para candidata alcaldesa para El Alto [Historic: The MAS Looks for a Woman to Be the Mayoral Candidate in El Alto]. Radio Pachamama (El Alto). 4 December 2014 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於12 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Lucio Marca afirma que Evo aplazó a Patana y pidió una candidata [Lucio Marca Affirms That Evo Sidelined Patana and Asked for a Female Candidate]. Radio Pachamama (El Alto). 3 December 2014 [24 October 2023]. （原始內容存檔於24 October 2023） （西班牙語）.
- El MAS controla el legislativo con 2/3 [The MAS Controls 2/3 of the Legislature]. La Prensa (La Paz). 7 December 2009 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於13 December 2009） （西班牙語）.
- Ortiz, Rudy. Amnistía: Senado aprobó legalizar vehículos indocumentados [Amnesty: Senate Approves Legalization of Undocumented Vehicles]. El Día (Santa Cruz de la Sierra). 28 May 2011 [13 July 2014]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Peralta, Pablo. Martha Poma: De artesana pasó a ocupar una senaduría en la Asamblea [Martha Poma: From Artisan to Occupying a Seat in the Senate]. Página Siete (La Paz). 1 October 2012 [12 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於26 December 2012） –透過FMBolivia （西班牙語）.
- Quenallata, Claudia. Cusicanqui, Patricia , 編. Senadora Quispe: 'A mí me tocó dejar los estudios por ser mujer y por falta de recursos' [Senator Quispe: "I Had to Drop Out Because I Was a Woman and Because I Lacked Money"]. fundacionperiodismo.org. La Paz: Fundación para el Periodismo. 21 March 2022 [15 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- René Martínez elegido presidente titular de la Cámara de Senadores [René Martínez Elected President of the Chamber of Senators]
. La Patria (Oruro). 2 November 2010: 1 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）. - Senadora del MAS rechaza legalización de autos chutos [MAS Senator Rejects Legalization of Chutos]. La Palabra del Beni (Trinidad). Agencia de Noticias Fides. 28 May 2011: 16 [14 July 2023] –透過the Internet Archive （西班牙語）.
- Senadora del MAS teme que ahora los 'ropavejeros' pidan ley de excepción [MAS Senator Fears That Now the "Ropavejeros" Will Demand an Amnesty Law]. La Patria (Oruro). 28 May 2011: 1 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- Senadoras y senadores del Estado Plurinacional: Martha Poma Luque [Senators of the Plurinational State: Martha Poma Luque]. Nuevo Estado. Vol. 2 no. 4 (La Paz). November 2013: 19 [14 July 2023] –透過the Internet Archive （西班牙語）.
- Senado retoma tratamiento del Proyecto de Ley Artesanal [Senate Takes Back Up Artisanry Bill]. Los Tiempos (Cochabamba). 19 April 2011 [14 July 2023]. （原始內容存檔於14 July 2023） （西班牙語）.
- La Sole le quita su bastión al MAS pero necesita alianzas [La Sole Flips MAS Stronghold but Needs Alliances]. El Compadre (El Alto). 30 March 2015: 5 [24 October 2023] –透過the Internet Archive （西班牙語）.
Books and encyclopedias
- Gonzales Salas, Inés (編). Biografías: Historias de vida en la Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional. Editorial Gente Común; ERBOL; Fundación Friedrich Ebert; IDEA Internacional. 2013: 449–451. ISBN 978-99954-93-05-9. OCLC 876429743 –透過the Internet Archive （西班牙語）.
- Romero Ballivián, Salvador. Quiroga Velasco, Camilo , 編. Diccionario biográfico de parlamentarios 1979–2019 2nd. La Paz: FUNDAPPAC; Fundación Konrad Adenauer. 2018: 462–463. ISBN 978-99974-0-021-5. OCLC 1050945993 –透過the Internet Archive （西班牙語）.
External links
- Parliamentary profile Office of the Vice President （西班牙語）.
- Parliamentary profile Chamber of Senators （西班牙語）. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014.
