SWI/SNF
SWIB | |||||||||
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鑑定 | |||||||||
標誌 | SWIB | ||||||||
Pfam | PF02201(舊版) | ||||||||
InterPro | IPR003121 | ||||||||
SMART | SWIB | ||||||||
SCOP | 1ycr / SUPFAM | ||||||||
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在分子生物學領域,SWI/SNF(英語:SWItch/Sucrose NonFermentable)[1][2]是同時存在於真核生物及原核生物中的一種核小體重塑複合物。簡而言之,它們是一群與重塑DNA包裝方式有關的蛋白質。SWI/SNF由多種蛋白構成,這些蛋白往往是SWI及SNF基因(SWI1、SWI2/SNF2、SWI3、SWI5、SWI6)的產物以及一些其它多肽[3]。SWI/SNF受DNA刺激後表現出ATP酶活性,利用ATP破壞並重塑核小體的組蛋白和DNA之間相互作用的穩定性,不過這種結構改變的精確性質仍未明確。
人體中與SWI/SNF相似的蛋白是BAF(與SWI/SNF-A相似)和PBAF(與SWI/SNF-B相似)。BAF表示「BRG1或HRBM相關因子」,PBAF則表示「聚溴相關的BAF」[4]。
作用機理
人們發現酵母中的SWI/SNF複合物能使DNA在不同的位置與組蛋白結合成核小體[5]。目前已提出兩種SWI/SNF重塑核小體的機制[6]。一種機制叫做「扭轉擴散」,認為核小體DNA中的扭轉缺陷發生單向擴散,使DNA從進入核小體的地方開始貼著組蛋白八聚體的表面螺旋狀地傳播。另一種機制叫做「突起」或「環再捕獲」,意即DNA在核小體邊緣與之分離,形成一環狀突起。環狀突起在組蛋白八聚體表面像波浪般傳播,最後在核小體內部重新與之結合。這樣DNA就在和組蛋白接觸點數量不變的情況下完成位移[7]。最新研究提出了與「扭轉擴散」機制相牴觸的有力證據,使「環再捕獲」模型更有說服力[8]。
腫瘤抑制作用
人類的SWI/SNF複合物(mSWI/SNF)對很多人類惡性腫瘤有抑制作用。1998年首先發現它能抑制橫紋肌樣瘤(一種罕見的兒童惡性腫瘤)[9]。隨著DNA測序成本逐漸降低,2010年左右許多腫瘤首次得到測序。其中數項研究表明SWI/SNF對多種惡性腫瘤有抑制作用[10][11][12][13]。對多個測序研究結果的薈萃分析表明,大約20%的人類惡性腫瘤中SWI/SNF存在變異[14]。
SWIB/MDM2蛋白結構域
SWIB/MDM2蛋白結構域,全稱是SWI/SNF複合物B/MDM2蛋白結構域是相當重要的蛋白結構域。這個蛋白結構域在SWI/SNF複合物B和p53腫瘤抑制蛋白的負向調節蛋白MDM2中均存在。已證明MDM2與SWIB複合物同源[15]。
功能
SWIB/MDM2蛋白結構域的主要功能是協助基因表達。在酵母中,它表達BADH2、GAL1、GAL4和SUC2等數個基因。該蛋白結構域作用是促進基因轉錄。它有ATP酶的活性,能分解細胞基本能量「貨幣」單位ATP,放出能量以破壞DNA和組蛋白結合的穩定性,從而干擾染色質,並開放可供轉錄因子結合的位點,這就促進了基因的轉錄[16]。
系列成員
以下列出酵母SWI/SNF系列基因成員以及人類相應的直系同源基因[17]:
酵母 | 人類 | 功能 |
---|---|---|
SWI1 | ARID1A、ARID1B | 含有LXXLL核受體結合基序 |
SWI2/SNF2 | SMARCA4 | ATP依賴的染色質重塑 |
SWI3 | SMARCC1、SMARCC2 | 功能未知的相似序列 |
SWP73 | SMARCD1、SMARCD2、SMARCD3 | 功能未知的相似序列 |
SWP61 | ACTL6A、ACTL6B | 肌動蛋白樣蛋白 |
歷史
SWI/SNF首先發現於釀酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中,以交替(switching,縮寫SWI)型和不發酵蔗糖型(sucrose nonfermenting,縮寫SNF)型交配後所得的酵母命名[16]。
另見
參考文獻 s
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