K-562
K-562是人類永生化骨髓性白血病細胞系,處於高度未分化狀態,並且屬於紅白血病(erythroleukemia)細胞系,具有惡性程度高、增殖速度快,以及可被一系列體外誘導劑誘導分化的特點[1]。最初分離自一名處於急性期的53歲女性慢性骨髓性白血病(CML)患者的胸水[2][3]。
特徵
K-562細胞不粘連且圓形,對bcr:abl融合基因呈陽性反應,並且與未進行細胞分化的粒細胞[4]和紅細胞[5]蛋白質組相似。在細胞培養的過程中,它們的結塊比許多其他懸浮細胞系要少得多,原因可能是由於細胞表面粘附分子引起的bcr:abl融合基因下調[6]。然而有研究表明,過度表達bcr:abl融合基因可能會增加細胞對細胞培養皿的粘附力[7]。
K-562細胞可以自發形成類似於早期紅細胞、粒細胞和單核細胞的特徵[8],並且由於缺乏抑制自然殺傷細胞活性所需的主要組織相容性複合體[3],因此很容易被自然殺傷細胞殺死[9] 。它們也沒有任何痕量的愛潑斯坦-巴爾病毒和其他皰疹病毒。除了費城染色體外,它們在15號染色體的長臂與17號染色體之間表現出第二種的相互易位[2]。 K-562細胞有兩個子系可以表示MHC1類分子A2[10]和A3[11]。
細胞週期與調控
在生長、細胞分化和凋亡方面,許多因素和成分在K-562細胞的細胞週期中發揮作用[12]。這些白血病細胞的生長受到細胞分化或凋亡的控制[13]。這些未分化的祖細胞中的脫乙醯基酶活性可以誘導細胞分化,從而改變K-562細胞的表型和形態[12]。這些變化還可以使白血病細胞進入應激狀態,從而提高細胞對引發凋亡的藥物的敏感性[12]。此外,表型的變化會降低生長速率,並且導致K562細胞具有能夠向紅細胞系、粒細胞系、單核細胞-巨噬細胞系統和巨核細胞系統分化的潛能,表現出相應的細胞表型[14][15],能夠在低氧環境下被誘導分化形成紅細胞和巨核細胞,故而是用於研究紅系誘導分化的理想細胞模型,目前已經成為研究細胞分化的主要細胞模型[16][17]。
K-562細胞及許多癌細胞均存在著Aurora激酶過多的問題[18]。Aurora激酶在紡錘體形成、染色體分離及胞質分裂中都發揮作用[18] ,而這些功能在細胞中是必需的,以便分裂和再生組織,並且起維持穩態的作用。然而過度表達Aurora激酶會導致細胞分裂時不受控制,從而導致癌症[18] 。因此,抑制Aurora激酶是癌症的重要調控機制,因為它可以防止細胞進行有絲分裂[18] 。
細胞凋亡是調節K-562細胞的重要機制,並且可通過細胞代謝狀態的變化來誘導[12]。細胞凋亡過程中涉及許多不同的細胞成分,例如BCR/ABL、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白和細胞色素c[13],而p53蛋白在K-562細胞的細胞週期調控中也十分重要[19],因為它靶向細胞週期蛋白依賴性激酶抑製劑p21,引起細胞分化、細胞週期停滯在G1期,最終導致細胞凋亡[19]。當這些成分的水平降低時,它們將不能抑制癌細胞的凋亡,或者會導致細胞凋亡被誘導[13] 。這些成分是粒線體中的關鍵因素,因此有證據支持細胞凋亡會使用到粒線體凋亡途徑[13]。除此之外,當這些細胞成分偏離平衡點時,就會令細胞的形態出現變化,導致K-562細胞停滯在G2/M期[13],從而導致核碎裂、染色質濃縮和其他形態學變化,最終導致細胞程序性死亡[13]。
目前已知伊馬替尼可以抑制BCR/ ABL,導致細胞停止生長並開始凋亡[20]。K-562細胞的另一個重要調節器是Sirtuin[12],通過與細胞中的脫乙醯酶活性相互作用而在細胞應激、代謝和自噬中發揮作用[12]。其他調節K-562細胞的方法包括重樓皂苷 D(polyphyllin D),它會令細胞從祖細胞狀態中進行分化並開始凋亡[13]。
參考資料
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