高斯二項式係數

高斯二項式係數 (也稱作 高斯係數, 高斯多項式, 或 q-二項式係數)在數學里是指二項式係數的q-模擬。

定義

高斯二項式係數被定義為：

${m \choose r}_{q}={\begin{cases}{\frac {(1-q^{m})(1-q^{m-1})\cdots (1-q^{m-r+1})}{(1-q)(1-q^{2})\cdots (1-q^{r})}}&r\leq m\\0&r>m\end{cases}}$

其中， m 和 r 是非負整數。 當 r = 0時值為1。

高斯二項式係數計算一個有限維向量空間的子空間數。令q表示一個有限域里的元素數目，則在q元有限域上n維向量空間的k維子空間數等於

${\binom {n}{k}}_{q}.$

示例

${0 \choose 0}_{q}={1 \choose 0}_{q}=1$

${1 \choose 1}_{q}={\frac {1-q}{1-q}}=1$

${2 \choose 1}_{q}={\frac {1-q^{2}}{1-q}}=1+q$

${3 \choose 1}_{q}={\frac {1-q^{3}}{1-q}}=1+q+q^{2}$

${3 \choose 2}_{q}={\frac {(1-q^{3})(1-q^{2})}{(1-q)(1-q^{2})}}=1+q+q^{2}$

${4 \choose 2}_{q}={\frac {(1-q^{4})(1-q^{3})}{(1-q)(1-q^{2})}}=(1+q^{2})(1+q+q^{2})=1+q+2q^{2}+q^{3}+q^{4}$

性質

和普通二項式係數一樣, 高斯二項式係數是中心對稱的:

${m \choose r}_{q}={m \choose m-r}_{q}.$

特別地,

${m \choose 0}_{q}={m \choose m}_{q}=1\,,$

${m \choose 1}_{q}={m \choose m-1}_{q}={\frac {1-q^{m}}{1-q}}=1+q+\cdots +q^{m-1}\quad m\geq 1\,.$

當 q = 1 時，有

${m \choose r}_{1}={m \choose r}$

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