鏈球菌屬
鏈球菌屬 | |
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肺炎鏈球菌 | |
科學分類 | |
域: | 細菌域 Bacteria |
門: | 芽孢桿菌門 Bacillota |
綱: | 芽孢桿菌綱 Bacilli |
目: | 乳桿菌目 Lactobacillales |
科: | 鏈球菌科 Streptococcaceae |
屬: | 鏈球菌屬 Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884 |
模式種 | |
化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884
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種 | |
見正文 |
鏈球菌(學名:Streptococcus)是一類球形的革蘭氏陽性細菌,屬於厚壁菌門的一個屬。這些細菌細胞分裂時總是沿一個軸,所以通常成對或者鏈狀的。因爲這些特徵,他們被稱作「鏈球菌」,區別於可以沿多個軸分裂而形成一團細胞的「葡萄球菌」(Staphylococcus)。鏈球菌屬包含了很多個種,其中多數是在人和動物表皮,呼吸道等處的共生菌(commensal flora),也有對人類有益的菌種如嗜熱鏈球菌(Streptococcus thermophilus),但其中也有相當數量的致病菌種。
種類劃分
一般以蘭斯菲爾德分類法(Lancefield classification)和溶血類型劃分。例如產膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes)為蘭斯菲爾德一型(Group A)並為β溶血類型(β-haemolytic)。
肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)沒有蘭斯菲爾德抗原,但是可以根據它是從呼吸道中提取,顯微鏡下為雙球菌狀(diplococcus),α溶血,菌落呈濕潤狀(有莢膜生成),中間有凹陷(draughtsman shape,因為有autolysin產生),以確定。
本屬包括以下物種:[1]
- 少酸鏈球菌 Streptococcus acidominimus Ayers & Mudge, 1922
- B型鏈球菌 Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896
- 非解乳糖鏈球菌 Streptococcus alactolyticus Farrow et al., 1985
- 咽峽炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus anginosus (Andrewes and Horder 1906) Smith and Sherman 1938
- 南方鏈球菌 Streptococcus australis Willcox et al. 2001
- 阿齊茲鏈球菌 Streptococcus azizii Shewmaker et al. 2017
- 奶牛乳腺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus bovimastitidis de Vries et al. 2018
- 牛鏈球菌 Streptococcus bovis Orla-Jensen 1919,為Streptococcus equinus Andrewes and Horder 1906的異名
- 馴馬鏈球菌 Streptococcus caballi Milinovich et al., 2008
- 鼠腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus caecimuris Afrizal et al. 2024[2],分離自老鼠的盲腸
- 加勒多尼亞鏈球菌 Streptococcus caledonicus Foster et al., 2020
- 單峰駝鏈球菌 Streptococcus cameli Kadri et al., 2015
- 犬鏈球菌 Streptococcus canis Devriese et al., 1986,狗鏈球菌
- 山羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus caprae Vela et al., 2016
- 羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus caprinus Brooker et al., 1996,異名
- 海狸鏈球菌 Streptococcus castoreus Lawson et al., 2005
- 豚鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus caviae Palakawong Na Ayudthaya et al., 2017
- Streptococcus cecorum Devriese et al., 1983,異名
- 星座鏈球菌 Streptococcus constellatus (Prévot 1924) Holdeman and Moore, 1974
- Streptococcus cremoris Orla-Jensen 1919,異名
- 大鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus criceti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus cricetus
- 嵴鏈球菌 Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991,也拼作:Streptococcus crista
- 兔鏈球菌 Streptococcus cuniculi Vela et al. 2014
- Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al., 2022
- 丹尼爾氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus danieliae Clavel et al. 2013
- Streptococcus defectivus Bouvet et al., 1989,為Abiotrophia defectiva (Bouvet et al. 1989) Kawamura et al. 1995的異名
- 野豬牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentapri Takada et al., 2010
- 驢牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentasini Takada et al., 2013
- 非洲象牙鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentiloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2016
- 蝙蝠齒鏈球菌 Streptococcus dentirousetti Takada & Hirasawa, 2008
- Streptococcus dentisani Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014,為Streptococcus oralis subsp. dentisani (Camelo-Castillo et al. 2014) Jensen et al. 2016的異名
- 德夫里耶斯鏈球菌 Streptococcus devriesei Collins et al., 2004
- 負鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus didelphis Rurangirwa et al., 2000
- Streptococcus difficilis Eldar et al., 1995,也拼作Streptococcus difficile
- 汗毛鏈球菌 Streptococcus downei Whiley et al., 1988
- 唐氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus downii Martínez-Lamas et al., 2020
- Streptococcus durans (Collins et al., 1984) Knight et al., 1984,異名
- 停乳鏈球菌 Streptococcus dysgalactiae (ex Diernhofer 1932) Garvie et al. 1983
- 停乳鏈球菌停乳亞種 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae
- 停乳鏈球菌似馬亞種 Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis
- 內臟鏈球菌 Streptococcus entericus Vela et al., 2002
- 馬鏈球菌 Streptococcus equi Sand & Jensen, 1888
- 馬鏈球菌馬亞種 Streptococcus equi subsp. equi
- 馬鏈球菌獸瘟亞種 Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
- 馬腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus equinus Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- Streptococcus faecalis Andrewes and Horder 1906,異名
- Streptococcus faecium Orla-Jensen 1919,異名
- 野生鏈球菌 Streptococcus ferus (ex Coykendall 1977) Coykendall 1983
- Streptococcus fryi Tomida et al., 2021
- 雞棚鏈球菌 Streptococcus gallinaceus Collins et al., 2002
- Streptococcus gallinarum Bridge and Sneath 1982,為Enterococcus gallinarum (Bridge and Sneath 1982) Collins et al. 1984的異名
- 解沒食子酸鏈球菌 Streptococcus gallolyticus Osawa et al. 1996
- 解沒食子酸鏈球菌解沒食子酸亞種 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型i。
- 解沒食子酸鏈球菌巴氏亞種 Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii/2
- Streptococcus garvieae Collins et al. 1984,為Lactococcus garvieae (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的異名
- 格氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus gordonii Kilian et al. 1989
- 灰海豹鏈球菌 Streptococcus halichoeri Lawson et al., 2004
- 耐鹽鏈球菌 Streptococcus halotolerans Niu et al., 2016
- Streptococcus hansenii Holdeman and Moore 1974,為Blautia hansenii (Holdeman and Moore 1974) Liu et al. 2008的異名
- 亨氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus henryi Milinovich et al., 2008
- 希利爾氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus hillyeri MacFadyen et al., 2019
- 喜馬拉雅鏈球菌 Streptococcus himalayensis Niu et al., 2017
- 呼和浩特鏈球菌 Streptococcus hohhotensis Li et al. 2024[3]
- 香港鏈球菌 Streptococcus hongkongensis Lau et al., 2013
- 豬腸鏈球菌 Streptococcus hyointestinalis Devriese et al. 1988
- 生殖道鏈球菌 Streptococcus hyovaginalis Devriese et al., 1997
- 鯰魚鏈球菌 Streptococcus ictaluri Shewmaker et al., 2007
- Streptococcus ilei Hyun et al., 2022
- 小兒鏈球菌 Streptococcus infantarius Schlegel et al., 2000
- 嬰兒鏈球菌 Streptococcus infantis Kawamura et al. 1998
- 嬰兒鏈球菌嬰兒亞種 Streptococcus infantarius subsp infantarius
- 海豚鏈球菌 Streptococcus iniae Pier & Madin, 1976
- 中間鏈球菌 Streptococcus intermedius Prévot, 1925
- Streptococcus intestinalis Robinson et al., 1988,異名
- 母乳鏈球菌 Streptococcus lactarius Martín et al., 2011
- Streptococcus lactis (Lister 1873) Löhnis 1909,異名
- Streptococcus loxodontisalivarius Saito et al., 2014
- 巴黎鏈球菌 Streptococcus lutetiensis Poyart et al., 2002,過去稱為牛鏈球菌(Streptococcus bovis)生物型ii.1
- 猴鏈球菌 Streptococcus macacae Beighton et al., 1984
- Streptococcus macedonicus Tsakalidou et al. 1998,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
- 海哺乳動物鏈球菌 Streptococcus marimammalium Lawson et al., 2005
- 旱獺鏈球菌 Streptococcus marmotae Niu et al., 2016
- 馬賽鏈球菌 Streptococcus massiliensis Glazunova et al., 2006
- 蒙古沙鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus merionis Tappe et al., 2009
- 小鏈球菌 Streptococcus minor Vancanneyt et al., 2004
- 緩症鏈球菌 Streptococcus mitis Andrewes and Horder 1906
- Streptococcus morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Holdeman and Moore 1974,為Gemella morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer 1988的異名
- 摩洛哥鏈球菌 Streptococcus moroccensis Kadri et al., 2014
- 變異鏈球菌 Streptococcus mutans Clarke, 1924
- 低聚發酵鏈球菌 Streptococcus oligofermentans Tong et al., 2003,為Streptococcus cristatus Handley et al. 1991的異名
- 口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oralis Bridge and Sneath 1982
- 捲尾猴口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oricebi Saito et al., 2016
- 非洲象口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus oriloxodontae Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2014
- 驢口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisasini Takada et al., 2013
- Streptococcus oriscaviae Teng et al., 2023
- 鼠口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisratti Zhu et al., 2000
- 豬口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus orisuis Takada & Hirasawa, 2007
- 羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus ovis Collins et al., 2001
- 羊乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus ovuberis Zamora et al. 2017
- 太平洋鏈球菌 Streptococcus pacificus Volokhov et al., 2021
- 牙齒鏈球菌 Streptococcus panodentis Okamoto et al., 2016
- 藏羚羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus pantholopis Bai et al., 2016
- Streptococcus parapneumoniae [4]
- 副血鏈球菌 Streptococcus parasanguinis Whiley et al. 1990,也拼作Streptococcus parasanguis
- 副豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus parasuis Nomoto et al., 2015
- 副乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus parauberis Williams & Collins, 1990
- Streptococcus parvulus (Weinberg et al., 1937) Cato 1983,為Lancefieldella parvula (Weinberg et al. 1937) Nouioui et al. 2018的異名
- Streptococcus pasteurianus Poyart et al. 2002,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus (Poyart et al. 2002) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
- 殺對蝦鏈球菌 Streptococcus penaeicida Morales-Covarrubias et al. 2018
- 泛口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus peroris Kawamura et al., 1998
- 咽喉部鏈球菌 Streptococcus pharyngis Vela et al. 2015,為Streptococcus cuniculipharyngis Vela et al. 2022的異名
- 海豹鏈球菌 Streptococcus phocae Skaar et al., 1994
- Streptococcus plantarum Collins et al., 1984,為Lactococcus plantarum (Collins et al. 1984) Schleifer et al. 1986的異名
- Streptococcus pleomorphus Barnes et al., 1979,為Faecalicoccus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1979) De Maesschalck et al. 2014的異名
- 多動物源鏈球菌 Streptococcus pluranimalium Devriese et al., 1999
- 多內器官鏈球菌 Streptococcus plurextorum Vela et al., 2009
- 肺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein 1884) Chester 1901
- 豬心鏈球菌 Streptococcus porci Vela et al., 2010
- 豕鏈球菌 Streptococcus porcinus Collins et al. 1985
- 小豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus porcorum Vela et al., 2011
- 假肺炎鏈球菌 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae Arbique et al. 2005
- 假豕鏈球菌 Streptococcus pseudoporcinus Bekal et al., 2007
- 化膿性鏈球菌 Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach, 1884,也稱化膿鏈球菌
- Streptococcus raffinolactis Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932,為Lactococcus raffinolactis (Orla-Jensen and Hansen 1932) Schleifer et al. 1988的異名
- 棉子糖鏈球菌 Streptococcus raffinosi Nguyen et al. 2024[5]
- 鼠鏈球菌 Streptococcus ratti Coykendall, 1977,也拼作:Streptococcus rattus
- 呼吸系統鏈球菌 Streptococcus respiraculi Niu et al. 2018
- 里夫鏈球菌 Streptococcus rifensis Kadri et al., 2014
- 魯布納氏鏈球菌 Streptococcus rubneri Huch et al., 2013
- 反芻鏈球菌 Streptococcus ruminantium Tohya et al., 2017
- Streptococcus ruminicola Park et al. 2023[6]
- 羚羊鏈球菌 Streptococcus rupicaprae Vela et al., 2011
- Streptococcus saccharolyticus Farrow et al., 1985,為Enterococcus saccharolyticus (Farrow et al. 1985) Rodrigues and Collins 1991的異名
- Streptococcus salivarius (Orla-Jensen, 1919) Farrow & Collins, 1984
- 唾液鏈球菌 Streptococcus salivarius Andrewes & Horder, 1906
- 唾液鏈球菌唾液亞種 Streptococcus salivarius salivarius
- 唾液鏈球菌嗜熱亞種 Streptococcus salivarius thermophilus
- 非洲象口水鏈球菌 Streptococcus saliviloxodontae Saito et al., 2014
- 血鏈球菌 Streptococcus sanguinis White & Niven, 1946,也拼作:Streptococcus sanguis
- Streptococcus sciuri Volokhov et al. 2023[7]
- Streptococcus shiloi Eldar et al., 1995,為Streptococcus iniae Pier and Madin 1976的異名
- 中華鏈球菌 Streptococcus sinensis Woo et al., 2002
- 表兄鏈球菌 Streptococcus sobrinus (ex Coykendall 1974) Coykendall 1983
- 豬鏈球菌 Streptococcus suis (ex Elliott, 1966) Kilpper-Bälz and Schleifer, 1987
- 丹吉爾鏈球菌 Streptococcus tangierensis Kadri et al., 2015
- Streptococcus taonis Lee et al. 2024[8]
- Streptococcus thalassemiae Diouf et al. 2023[9]
- 嗜熱鏈球菌 Streptococcus thermophilus Orla-Jensen, 1919
- 托爾豪特鎮鏈球菌 Streptococcus thoraltensis Devriese et al., 1997
- Streptococcus tigurinus Zbinden et al., 2012,為Streptococcus oralis subsp. tigurinus (Zbinden et al. 2012) Jensen et al. 2016的異名
- Streptococcus toyakuensis Wajima et al., 2022
- 黑猩猩鏈球菌 Streptococcus troglodytae Okamato et al., 2013
- 染病黑猩猩鏈球菌 Streptococcus troglodytidis Zhang et al., 2013
- 乳房鏈球菌 Streptococcus uberis Diernhofer, 1932
- 脲鏈球菌 Streptococcus urinalis Collins et al., 2000
- 熊口腔鏈球菌 Streptococcus ursoris Shinozaki-Kuwahara et al., 2011
- 前庭鏈球菌 Streptococcus vestibularis Whiley & Hardie, 1988
- Streptococcus vicugnae Volokhov et al., 2021
- Streptococcus waius Flint et al., 1999,為Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus (Tsakalidou et al. 1998) Schlegel et al. 2003的異名
- 加州海獅鏈球菌 Streptococcus zalophi Volokhov et al., 2021
- 流行鏈球菌 Streptococcus zooepidemicus ,異名
傳染途徑
鏈球菌通常寄生在口腔、皮膚、腸道和上呼吸道,因為其它共生菌的競爭和免疫系統它們一般不會造成疾病,所以被認為是人的正常共生菌落的一部分。但是當某些特定的菌株進入人體,並在特定組織或器官建立起感染時,便會引發疾病。鏈球菌的種類很多,可以感染人體的多種部位,導致多種不同疾病。
鏈球菌會通過以下特定的方式傳播:
- 物理接觸。
- 通過被鏈球菌污染的食物及其盛放器具。
- 通過咳嗽,噴嚏等反應從呼吸道中帶出細菌。
致病菌種
鏈球菌屬(Streptococcus)中,以蘭斯菲爾德分類法劃分可以導致疾病的種有:
一型鏈球菌
一型鏈球菌(Group A Streptococci),如產膿鏈球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes) 造成一型鏈球菌感染(Group A streptococcal infection)。
產膿鏈球菌會感染成年人,導致發燒,喉嚨痛(鏈球菌性咽炎),頸部淋巴腫大。當被感染時,小孩可能會有喉嚨痛、皮疹、腹部絞痛等症狀,醫生可以從咽喉提取樣本進行培養和生化測試以確診。值得注意的是產膿鏈球菌和很多其它鏈球菌有M蛋白抗原(M-protein antigen),這種抗原與心臟肌肉和關節處組織的抗原很相像,長時間的鏈球菌感染會產生自免疫反應, 增加類風濕性關節炎和風濕性心肌炎的危險。
二型鏈球菌
二型鏈球菌(Group B Streptococci),也稱為GBS,如Streptococcus agalactiae,會導致新生兒和老年人的腦膜炎,有時也會導致全身性的細菌性敗血症。
鏈球菌通常也會寄生在女性的生殖道內,產生酸性環境,抑制其它細菌,但是有些二型鏈球菌會感染生殖道,增加羊膜過早破裂的危險,使胎兒流產。
美國疾病控制預防中心(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)有專門的對GBS的介紹:Preventing Group B Strep Disease (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
四型鏈球菌
四型鏈球菌(Group D Streptococci):S. durans、S. avium、牛鏈球菌(S. bovis)
肺炎鏈球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)在很少的情況下(如免疫力降低)從上呼吸道進入下呼吸道再進入肺部,產生肺炎鏈球菌溶血素(pneumolysin),在肺部建立感染,因免疫反應而使肺部機能失常,導致肺炎。
草綠色鏈球菌
草綠色鏈球菌(Streptococcus viridans)可以導致心內膜炎和口腔感染。
參見
參考資料
- ^ Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884. GBIF. [2022-05-22]. (原始內容存檔於2021-12-07).
- ^ Afrizal A, Jennings SAV, Hitch TCA, Riedel T, Basic M, Panyot A, Treichel N, Hager FT, Wong EO, Wolter B, et al. Enhanced cultured diversity of the mouse gut microbiota enables custom-made synthetic communities. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1630-1645.
- ^ Li Y, Han F, Wu Y, Li W, Ren D, Su X, Zhao L, Menghe B, Liu W. Streptococcus hohhotensis sp. nov., isolated from the breast milk of a healthy woman. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6354.
- ^ Identification and characterization of a novel α-haemolytic streptococci, Streptococcus parapneumoniae sp. nov., which caused bacteremia with pyelonephritis
- ^ Nguyen HV, Trinh ATV, Bui LNH, Hoang ATL, Tran QTL, Trinh TT. Streptococcus raffinosi sp. nov., isolated from human breast milk samples. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6442.
- ^ Park SY, Muhammad N, Kim SG, Kwon H, Seo S, Kim JH. Streptococcus ruminicola sp. nov., new species of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex (SBSEC) isolated from the rumen of Korean domestic ruminants. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:636.
- ^ Volokhov DV, Zagorodnyaya TA, Furtak VA, Nattanmai G, Randall L, Jose S, Gao Y, Eisenberg T, Delmonte P, Blom J, et al. Streptococcus sciuri sp. nov., Staphylococcus marylandisciuri sp. nov. and Staphylococcus americanisciuri sp. nov., isolated from faeces of eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:6015.
- ^ Lee CY, Chan CK, Chida M, Miyashita M, Lee YS, Wu HC, Chang YC, Lin WT, Chen YS. Streptococcus taonis sp. nov., a novel bacterial species isolated from a blood culture of a patient. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:168.
- ^ Diouf FS, Beye M, Gaye M, Mbaye B, Alibar S, Sarr M, Dubourg G, Lagier JC, Sokhna C, Fenollar F, et al. Description of Streptococcus thalassemiae sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from Human Blood. Int J Microbiol 2023; 2023:3802590.
外部連結
- 微生物免疫學-Streptococcus pyogenes(化膿性鏈球菌) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
- 微生物免疫學-Streptococcus agalactiae(無乳鏈球菌) (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館)
Reference: Madigan MT. et.al, Brock Biology of Microorgnanisms, 8th Ed, 1997.