神經激素
神經激素(neurohormone)是由神經內分泌細胞(也稱為神經分泌細胞)產生並釋放到血液中的任何激素。[1][2]它們被分泌到循環系統中發揮作用,但是它們也可以具有神經遞質的作用或其他作用,例如自分泌(自身)或旁分泌(局部)的傳遞組織。[3]
下視丘釋放的激素為特殊的下視丘神經元中的神經垂體激素,延伸至正中隆突和垂體後葉。腎上腺髓質在嗜鉻細胞中產生腎上腺髓質激素,這些細胞的結構與突觸後交感神經元十分相似,即使它們不是神經元它們也是神經的衍生物。[4]
腸嗜鉻細胞和腸嗜鉻細胞樣細胞都是腸內分泌細胞,由於它們與嗜鉻細胞的結構和功能有著相似性,也被認為是神經內分泌細胞,儘管它們不是神經的衍生物。[5]其他的神經內分泌細胞遍布全身。
釋放激素
下視丘中不同種類的神經元合成了釋放激素,也稱為促垂體激素或下視丘激素。它們沿神經元軸突被運輸到軸突末端,形成正中隆突的大部分,並且它們將被存儲並釋放到垂體門脈系統中。然後,它們迅速到達垂體前葉並在其中發揮激素作用。殘留的激素進入全身循環,在那裡它們被稀釋和降解並且產生相對較小的影響。這些激素的合成,控制和釋放由激素、局部和突觸信號(神經遞質)共同調節。[6][7]分泌各種激素的神經元被發現在接受猛烈的電信號時脈衝式的釋放激素,如此形成的脈衝式的激素釋放比連續釋放更有效。[8]釋放激素包括:
- 促甲狀腺激素釋放激素
- 腎上腺皮質激素釋放激素
- 生長激素釋放激素
- 生長激素
- 性腺激素釋放激素
- 多巴胺
- 神經降壓素
神經垂體激素
神經垂體激素在下視丘的大細胞分泌神經元中合成。然後它們將沿下視丘漏斗內的神經元軸突運輸至垂體後葉神經旁突的軸突末端,在此處儲存並釋放至體循環。這些激素的合成,控制和釋放是通過激素,局部和突觸信號共同調節的。[9]神經垂體激素包括:
通過這種途徑,大多數催產素和抗利尿激素到達體循環。
腎上腺髓質激素
腎上腺髓質激素是腎上腺髓質通過嗜鉻細胞(連接中樞神經系統的神經分泌細胞)分泌的兒茶酚胺。[10]兒茶酚胺的合成,儲存(在嗜鉻細胞中)和釋放是由各自突觸前交感神經元的突觸輸入以及激素的局部輸入共同調節的。[11][12]腎上腺髓質激素包括:
腸神經激素
腸嗜鉻細胞在消化道腔內上皮襯裡的分泌血清素,而腸嗜鉻細胞在胃腺分泌組胺。腸神經激素的合成、儲存和釋放受局部的其它激素和神經輸入共同調節。 [13][14][15][16][17]
參見
- Natural neuroactive substance
參考文獻
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