東北棕熊

東北棕熊
保護狀況
	; 易危（IUCN 2.3）
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	哺乳綱 Mammalia
目：	食肉目 Carnivora
科：	熊科 Ursidae
屬：	熊屬 Ursus
種：	棕熊 U. arctos
亞種：	東北棕熊 U. a. lasiotus
三名法
	Ursus arctos lasiotus; Gray, 1867
異名
	baikalensis Ognev, 1924; cavifrons (Heude, 1901); ferox Temminck, 1844; macneilli Lydekker, 1909; melanarctos Heude, 1898; yesoensis Lydekker, 1897

東北棕熊（學名：Ursus arctos lasiotus），又名烏蘇里棕熊、東北馬熊，是棕熊的一個亞種，分佈於西伯利亞、朝鮮半島、中國東北和北海道，與堪察加棕熊相似，但毛色更黑、頭骨更長。其分佈於北海道的種群有時會單獨列為一個亞種，即日本棕熊（Ursus arctos yesoensis）。它是體型較大的棕熊之一，最大的東北棕熊個頭體重超過400公斤。^[3]

習性

東北棕熊食譜很雜，它以各類植物漿果、根莖、種子和小型、大型動物為食，甚至也吃螞蟻^[4]。

東北虎有時會捕食東北棕熊，但這種情況很少出現^[5]^[6]。此外，東北虎捕食的一般是幼熊，但也有東北虎襲擊冬眠的成年東北棕熊的記錄^[7]^[8]^[9]。1944-1959年，俄羅斯遠東地區共錄下32起東北虎襲擊東北棕熊的案例^[10]^[11]^[12]。

1915年12月，日本北海道發生三毛別棕熊襲擊事件，造成7人死亡、3人重傷，為日本史上最嚴重的野生動物攻擊事件。

參考文獻

^ Ursus arctos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [27 January 2009].
^ Gray, J. E. Note on Ursus lasiotus, a hairy-eared bear from North China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 3. 1867, 20 (118): 301 [2019-02-28]. doi:10.1080/00222936708694139. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）.
^ Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9
^ Onoyama, Keiichi. Ants as prey of the Yezo brown bear Ursus arctos yesoensis with consideration on its feeding habits (PDF). Res. Bull. Obihiro University (Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine). 1987-11-16, 15: 313–318 [2009-05-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-22）.
^ Seryodkin; et al. Relationship between tigers, brown bears, and Himalayan black bears. Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation. 2005: 156–163.
^ Geptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A. (1972). Mlekopitaiuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Vysšaia Škola, Moskva. (In Russian; English translation: Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; (1992). the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington DC). Pp. 95–202.
^ Frasef, A. Feline Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. 2012: 72–77. ISBN 978-1-84593-926-7.
^ Prynn, David. Amur tiger. Russian Nature Press. 2004: 115.
^ V.G. Heptner and N.P. Naumov. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol 2 IIa 1998. New Delhi, India: Amerind Publishing. p671
^ Mammals of the Soviet Union Volume 2, by V.G Heptner & A.A. Sludskii, p177
^ Seryodkin, I. V., J. M. Goodrich, A. V. Kostyrya, B. O. Schleyer, E. N. Smirnov, L. L. Kerley, and D. G. Miquelle (2005). "Relationship between tigers, brown bears, and Himalayan black bears". pp. 95-202 in D. G. Miquelle, E. N. Smirnov, and J. M. Goodrich (eds.), Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation. Vladivostok, Russia: PSP.
^ Table 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Location, physical status, size and circumstances of deaths of Amur tiger males in the Russian Far East, 1970-1994.

外部連接

[1] Ursus arctos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [27 January 2009].

[2] Gray, J. E. Note on Ursus lasiotus, a hairy-eared bear from North China. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 3. 1867, 20 (118): 301 [2019-02-28]. doi:10.1080/00222936708694139. （原始內容存檔於2021-03-08）.

[soviet-3] Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol.II Part 1a, SIRENIA AND CARNIVORA (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears), V.G Heptner and N.P Naumov editors, Science Publishers, Inc. USA. 1998. ISBN 1-886106-81-9

[ants-4] Onoyama, Keiichi. Ants as prey of the Yezo brown bear Ursus arctos yesoensis with consideration on its feeding habits (PDF). Res. Bull. Obihiro University (Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine). 1987-11-16, 15: 313–318 [2009-05-05]. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-22）.

[Seryodkin2-5] Seryodkin; et al. Relationship between tigers, brown bears, and Himalayan black bears. Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation. 2005: 156–163.

[Geptner1972-6] Geptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A. (1972). Mlekopitaiuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Vysšaia Škola, Moskva. (In Russian; English translation: Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A.; Bannikov, A. G.; (1992). the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington DC). Pp. 95–202.

[FBW-7] Frasef, A. Feline Behaviour and Welfare. CABI. 2012: 72–77. ISBN 978-1-84593-926-7.

[amur-8] Prynn, David. Amur tiger. Russian Nature Press. 2004: 115.

[9] V.G. Heptner and N.P. Naumov. Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol 2 IIa 1998. New Delhi, India: Amerind Publishing. p671

[10] Mammals of the Soviet Union Volume 2, by V.G Heptner & A.A. Sludskii, p177

[11] Seryodkin, I. V., J. M. Goodrich, A. V. Kostyrya, B. O. Schleyer, E. N. Smirnov, L. L. Kerley, and D. G. Miquelle (2005). "Relationship between tigers, brown bears, and Himalayan black bears". pp. 95-202 in D. G. Miquelle, E. N. Smirnov, and J. M. Goodrich (eds.), Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation. Vladivostok, Russia: PSP.

[12] Table 1 （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. Location, physical status, size and circumstances of deaths of Amur tiger males in the Russian Far East, 1970-1994.

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