旋螺屬
旋螺屬 化石時期：
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_crista.JPG)
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| Gyraulus crista的兩個殼 | |
科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 軟體動物門 Mollusca |
| 綱： | 腹足綱 Gastropoda |
| 科： | 扁蜷科 Planorbidae |
| 亞科： | 扁蜷亞科 Planorbinae |
| 族： | 扁蜷族 Planorbini |
| 屬： | 旋螺屬 Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837[1]:21 |
| 模式種 | |
| Planorbis albus O. F. Müller, 1774 | |
| 異名 | |
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旋螺屬（學名：Gyraulus），又名圓口扁蜷屬[2]，為腹足綱泛有肺類扁卷螺科[3]，體型細小，大多數為會呼吸空氣的淡水螺[4]:126。部分物種乃中國特有物種。
本屬物種最早出現的時間，根據化石紀錄，可以上推至早白堊世，一直延續至今。在今日華北地區的熱河群義縣組的湖底沉積物（具體位置在今日的北京城郊鄰近河北省的下莊鄉）發現本屬物種的化石，年代可上遡至1.25億年前[5]。
微細的物種Gyraulus crista在技術上雖然仍是一隻有肺類的腹足綱物種，這些動物其實並不會在空氣中呼吸，而是依靠充滿了水的外套膜。
分佈
本屬物種廣泛分佈於全北區。
習性
旋螺屬在淡水的水生植物上生活。
型態描述
物種
截至2018年8月20日[update]，WoRMS記載本屬已紀錄的名稱達420個，當中已接受的現生種及化石種名稱也有241個[6]。過往旋螺屬的物種可以再分為以下三個亞屬：
但這種分類現時只被作「另類表達方式」來處理。
以下詳列本屬之亞屬及其物種：
亞屬 Armiger W. Hartmann, 1843[7]
- Gyraulus crista (Linnaeus, 1758)[8] - Nautilus ramshorn
- † Gyraulus cristaeformis (Gozhik & Prysjazhnjuk, 1978)
- † Gyraulus decorus (Roshka, 1973)
- † Gyraulus geniculatus (Sandberger, 1875)
- † Gyraulus gracilis (Gozhik & Prysjazhnjuk, 1978)
- † Gyraulus lenapalus (Bourguignat, 1881)
- † Gyraulus lluecai (Royo Gómez, 1922)
- † Gyraulus nautiliformis (Gozhik & Prysjazhnjuk, 1978)
- † Gyraulus subptychophorus (Halaváts, 1903)
亞屬 Carinogyraulus Polinski, 1929:[9] represented as Gyraulus
亞屬 Gyraulus Charpentier, 1837
- † Gyraulus aegaeus Willmann, 1981
- † Gyraulus bachmayeri Schlickum & Strauch, 1979
- † Gyraulus bigueti (Fontannes, 1881)
- † Gyraulus brlici Brusina, 1897
- † Gyraulus brusinai (Lörenthey, 1894)
- 中華旋螺 Gyraulus chinensis (Dunker, 1848)[10]
- † Gyraulus connivens (Eichwald, 1830)
- † Gyraulus constans (Brusina, 1884)
- † Gyraulus dalmaticus (Brusina, 1884)
- † Gyraulus deflexus (Sandberger, 1859)
- † Gyraulus dimitrovici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus doseni (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus formosus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus fragilis (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Gyraulus goussardianus (Noulet, 1854)
- † Gyraulus hians (Rolle, 1860)
- † Gyraulus hoernesi (Rolle, 1860)
- † Gyraulus inornatus (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus ioanis Gloer & Pesic, 2007[10]
- Gyraulus janinensis (Mousson, 1859)[10]
- † Gyraulus jukici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus jurkovici (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus katurici (Brusina, 1897)
- † Gyraulus kosovensis (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Gyraulus lazici (Brusina, 1892)
- † Gyraulus lendli (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus lineolatus (Brusina, 1878)
- † Gyraulus lorentheyi (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus meierbrooki Gloer & Pesic, 2007[10]
- † Gyraulus multicingulatus (Wenz, 1919)
- † Gyraulus nematophorus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus novaki (Brusina, 1897)
- † Gyraulus nusici (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Gyraulus oncostomus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus orahovacensis (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Gyraulus pachychilus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus parvulus (Lörenthey, 1906)
- † Gyraulus pavlovici (Brusina, 1893)
- † Gyraulus phacecercus (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus piscinarum (Bourguignat, 1852)[10]
- † Gyraulus ponticus (Lörenthey, 1893)
- † Gyraulus porcellaneus (Lörenthey, 1902)
- † Gyraulus praeponticus (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1890)
- † Gyraulus ptychostomus (Brusina, 1902)
- † Gyraulus rotella (Rousseau, 1842)
- Gyraulus shasi Gloer & Pesic, 2007[10]
- † Gyraulus sibinjensis (Brusina, 1897)
- † Gyraulus slavonicus (Brusina, 1897)
- † Gyraulus spratti (Forbes, 1845)
- † Gyraulus stoppanii (Sacco, 1886)
- Gyraulus stroemi (Westerlund, 1881)[10]
- † Gyraulus subverticillus (Oppenheim, 1919)
- † Gyraulus sulfureus (Royo Gómez, 1922)
- † Gyraulus tenuistriatus (Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1899)
- † Gyraulus tetracarinatus (Pavlović, 1903)
- † Gyraulus virgatus (Ludwig, 1865)
- † Gyraulus zoebeleini Schlickum & Strauch, 1974
亞屬 Lamorbis Starobogatov, 1967:[11] represented as Gyraulis
亞屬 Nautilinus Mousson, 1872[12]
- Gyraulus clymene (Shuttleworth, 1852)[13]
- Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838)[15]
亞屬 ?
- Gyraulus acronicus (Férussac, 1807)
- † Gyraulus albertanus (Clessin, 1877)
- Gyraulus albidus Radoman, 1953[10]
- Gyraulus albus (O. F. Müller, 1774)[10] - White ramshorn
- † Gyraulus alienus (Rolle, 1862)
- † Gyraulus andrussovi (Ali-Zade & Kabakova in Ali-Zade, 1969)
- † Gyraulus applanatus (Thomä, 1845)
- Gyraulus argaeicus (Sturany, 1904)
- † Gyraulus arminiensis Jekelius, 1932
- † Gyraulus atkinsoni (Johnston, 1879)
- † Gyraulus bakonicus (Halaváts, 1903)
- Gyraulus bekaensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2007[16]
- Gyraulus biwaensis (Preston, 1916)
- † Gyraulus bondartchuki (Prysjazhnjuk, 1974)
- † Gyraulus chaenostomus (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus chinensis (Dunker, 1848)
- † Gyraulus circumstriatus (Tryon, 1866)
- 凸旋螺 Gyraulus convexiusculus [17]
- Gyraulus corinna (Gray, 1850)
- † Gyraulus costatus (Klein, 1846)
- Gyraulus costulatus (Krauss, 1848)[18]
- Gyraulus crenophilus Hubendick & Radoman, 1959[19]
- † Gyraulus crescens (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus cryptornatus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- † Gyraulus dealbatus (Braun in Walchner, 1851)
- Gyraulus deflectus [1] （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
- † Gyraulus denudatus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus distortus (Hyatt, 1880)
- † Gyraulus doricus (Bukowski, 1896)
- Gyraulus edgbastonensis D. S. Brown, 2001
- † Gyraulus edlaueri (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- Gyraulus egirdirensis Glöer & Girod, 2013
- † Gyraulus ehrenbergi (Beck, 1837)
- Gyraulus elenae Vinarski, Glöer & Palatov, 2013 [20]
- Gyraulus essingtonensis (E. A. Smith, 1882)
- Gyraulus eugyne Meier-Brook, 1983
- Gyraulus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874)
- Gyraulus fontinalis Hubendick & Radoman, 1959[19]
- † Gyraulus fuchsi (Lörenthey, 1902)
- † Gyraulus geminus (Brusina, 1897)
- Gyraulus gilberti (Dunker, 1848)
- † Gyraulus globosus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- † Gyraulus goetzendorfensis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- Gyraulus hebraicus (Bourguignat, 1852)
- † Gyraulus helicophantoides (Pavlović, 1927)
- † Gyraulus homalosomus (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus homsensis (Dautzenberg, 1894)
- Gyraulus hornensis F. C. Baker, 1934
- Gyraulus huwaizahensis Glôer & Naser, 2005
- Gyraulus ioanis Glöer & Pešić, 2007
- Gyraulus janinensis (Mousson, 1859)
- Gyraulus kahuica (Finlay & Laws, 1931)
- † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
- Gyraulus kosiensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
- † Gyraulus krohi Neubauer & Harzhauser in Harzhauser et al., 2014
- Gyraulus laevis (Alder, 1838)
- † Gyraulus ludovici (Noulet, 1854)
- Gyraulus luguhuensis Shu, Köhler, Fu & Wang, 2013
- Gyraulus lychnidicus Hesse, 1928[19]
- † Gyraulus marinkovici (Brusina, 1892)
- † Gyraulus matraensis Gál et al., 1999 †
- Gyraulus mauritianus (Morelet, 1876)[21]
- Gyraulus meierbrooki Glöer & Pešić, 2007
- † Gyraulus micromphalus (Fuchs, 1870)
- † Gyraulus minutus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus nedici (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus nedyalkovi Glöer & Georgiev, 2012
- † Gyraulus oecsensis Wenz, 1919
- † Gyraulus okrugljakensis Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014 †
- † Gyraulus oxystoma (Klein, 1846)
- Gyraulus pamphylicus Glöer & Rähle, 2009
- Gyraulus parvus (Say, 1817)[15]
- Gyraulus piscinarum (Bourguignat, 1852)
- † Gyraulus platystomus Nützel & Bandel, 1993 (?)
- † Gyraulus popovici (Pavlović, 1927)
- † Gyraulus primiformis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- † Gyraulus protectus Jekelius, 1944
- † Gyraulus protocrescens Nützel & Bandel, 1993
- † Gyraulus pseudhomalosomus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- † Gyraulus pseudotenuis (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus ptycophorus (Brusina, 1892)
- † Gyraulus pulici (Brusina, 1897)
- † Gyraulus quadrangulus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875)
- † Gyraulus rasseri Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014†
- † Gyraulus revertens (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus rhytidophorus (Brusina, 1902)
- Gyraulus riparius[22]
- Gyraulus rossmaessleri (Auerswald, 1852)[22]
- Gyraulus stankovici Hadzisce, 1955[19]
- Gyraulus rotula (Benson, 1850)
- † Gyraulus rotundistomus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- † Gyraulus rotundostomus Nützel & Bandel, 1993
- † Gyraulus rumanus Wenz in Krejci-Graf & Wenz, 1932
- † Gyraulus sabljari (Brusina, 1892)
- † Gyraulus sachsenhoferi Harzhauser & Neubauer in Harzhauser et al., 2012
- † Gyraulus seibersdorfensis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- Gyraulus shasi Glöer & Pešić, 2007
- Gyraulus sivalensis (Clessin, 1884)
- † Gyraulus soceni Jekelius, 1944
- † Gyraulus solenoeides (Lörenthey, 1902)
- 圓口扁蜷 Gyraulus spirillus (Gould, 1859)
- Gyraulus stankovici Hadžišče, 1953
- † Gyraulus steinheimensis (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus subhemistoma (d'Orbigny, 1852)
- † Gyraulus sulcatus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus supremus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus symmetricus (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- Gyraulus taseviensis Glöer & Girod, 2013
- Gyraulus terraesacrae Rensch, 1934
- Gyraulus tokyoensis (Mori, 1938)
- Gyraulus transsylvanicus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875) †
- Gyraulus trapezoides Polinski, 1929[19]
- † Gyraulus triquetrus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus trochiformis (Stahl, 1824)
- † Gyraulus trolli (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- † Gyraulus turislavicus Jekelius, 1944
- Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould, 1847)
- † Gyraulus vermicularis (Stoliczka, 1862)
- † Gyraulus verticillus (Brusina, 1892)
- † Gyraulus vrapceanus Neubauer, Harzhauser, Kroh, Georgopoulou & Mandic, 2014
- Gyraulus waterhousei (Clessin, 1885)
- † Gyraulus zemendorfensis (Sauerzopf, 1953)
- Species inquerenda
- Gyraulus acutus Clessin, 1907
- Gyraulus percarinatus Paraense, 2000 name unavailable under ICZN Art. 16.4)
- Species brought into synonymy
- Gyraulus deformis Hartmann, 1844: synonym of Gyraulus acronicus (Férussac, 1807)
- † Gyraulus trochiformis applanatus (Thomä, 1845): synonym of † Gyraulus applanatus (Thomä, 1845)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis applanatus var. ludovici (Noulet, 1854): synonym of † Gyraulus ludovici (Noulet, 1854)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis kleini var. aequeumbilicatus (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis kleini var. subinvolutus Gottschick, 1920: synonym of † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis kleini var. subkleini Gottschick, 1920: synonym of † Gyraulus kleini (Gottschick & Wenz, 1916)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis steinheimensis var. parvus (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus steinheimensis (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis subhemistoma var. teres (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus minutus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis subhemistoma var. triquetrus (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus triquetrus (Hilgendorf, 1867)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis trochiformis var. elegans (Hilgendorf, 1867): synonym of † Gyraulus trochiformis (Stahl, 1824)
- † Gyraulus (Gyraulus) trochiformis trochiformis var. turbiniformis (von Zieten, 1832): synonym of † Gyraulus trochiformis (Stahl, 1824)
參考文獻
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