铷的同位素
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标准原子质量 (Ar, 标准) |
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铷(Rb,原子质量单位:85.4678(3))共有45个同位素,不包括核同质异能素共有32种,其中有2个天然存在,但只有一种同位素是稳定的,除了85
Rb
和87
Rb
之外,还有24种人工合成的放射性同位素。它们的半衰期都在3个月以内,因此几乎没有应用价值。
天然的铷元素中,含有两种铷的同位素,其中85
Rb
占72.2%,87
Rb
占27.8%。87
Rb
具有微弱的放射性,其半衰期超过1010年[2][3],但这样的放射强度足以在30至60天使相机底片雾化或曝光并留下影像[4][5]。
在铷的同位素中,质量数少于73
Rb
的多半进行质子发射衰变、74
Rb
至84
Rb
则进行正电子发射,其中有少数的76
Rb
会进行α衰变,更重的同位素则都进行贝他衰变,但有少部分会伴随中子发射衰变。
铷-76
铷-76是铷的同位素中一种人造的放射性同位素,半衰期约为36秒。大部分的76
Rb
会进行正电子发射,一种贝他衰变,衰变成76
Kr
,但有极少数的76
Rb
(约3千万分之一)会再进行阿伐衰变,而变成76
Sr
[6]。76
Rb
有一种核同质异能素,76m
Rb
,激发能量约为30万电子伏特,但其半衰期比76
Rb
少很多,只有约3纳秒。
铷-82
铷-82是铷的同位素中一种人造的放射性同位素,可经锶-82的电子捕获衰变过程产生,反应半生期约为25.36天。铷-82会再经正电子发射衰变为稳定的82
Kr
,半衰期为76秒[6][7]。82
Rb
有一种核同质异能素,82m
Rb
,激发能量约为69 千电子伏特,半衰期较长,约六个半小时[6],但有超过九成的82m
Rb
会跟82
Rb
一样进行正电子发射衰变为82
Kr
,只有少数的82m
Rb
会经核异构转变变回82
Rb
[6]。铷-82可用于正电子发射电脑断层扫描,但由于82
Rb
的半衰期只有76秒,所以必须从靠近病人的锶-82衰变而得。[8][9]
铷-85
铷-85是铷的同位素中唯一稳定的同位素,存在于天然的铷矿中[10],丰度约占72%,其余为铷-87,因此天然铷矿中有微弱的放射性[2][3]。铷-85是核裂变产物之一。
铷-87
铷-87是铷的同位素之一,其存在于天然的铷矿中铷-87,结合能高达757853 keV,丰度约占两成,但其具有微弱的放射性,半衰期为×1010年,比 4.88宇宙年龄×109年还要长约三倍 13.798[11],因此87
Rb
可以视为近似稳定或天然放射性同位素。且87
Rb
是一种原始核素,在地球形成时便已存在。87
Rb
会进行β衰变,在放射一个电子(β粒子)和微中子后会衰变成稳定的87
Sr
,在地质学与矿物学中,这个特性可以用来分析一些岩石的年龄,此种定年方发称为铷-锶定年法。[12][13]此外,87
Rb
是激光冷却和玻色–爱因斯坦凝聚应用上最常用的一种原子[14][15]。87
Rb
也可以连同其他碱金属,来开发无自旋交换弛豫原子磁强计。[16]
87
Rb
也是核裂变产物之一。
图表
符号 | Z | N | 同位素质量(u) [n 1][n 2] |
半衰期 [n 1][n 2][n 3] |
衰变 方式[6] |
衰变 产物 [n 4][n 5] |
原子核 自旋[n 1] |
相对丰度 (莫耳分率)[n 2] |
相对丰度 的变化量 (莫耳分率) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
激发能量[n 1][n 2] | |||||||||
71Rb | 37 | 34 | 70.96532(54)# | p | 70Kr | 5/2−# | |||
72Rb | 37 | 35 | 71.95908(54)# | <1.5 µs | p | 71Kr | 3+# | ||
72mRb | 100(100)# keV | 1# µs | p | 71Kr | 1−# | ||||
73Rb | 37 | 36 | 72.95056(16)# | <30 ns | p | 72Kr | 3/2−# | ||
74Rb | 37 | 37 | 73.944265(4) | 64.76(3) ms | β+ | 74Kr | (0+) | ||
75Rb | 37 | 38 | 74.938570(8) | 19.0(12) s | β+ | 75Kr | (3/2−) | ||
76Rb | 37 | 39 | 75.9350722(20) | 36.5(6) s | β+ | 76Kr | 1(−) | ||
β+, α (3.8×10−7%) | 72Se | ||||||||
76mRb | 316.93(8) keV | 3.050(7) µs | (4+) | ||||||
77Rb | 37 | 40 | 76.930408(8) | 3.77(4) min | β+ | 77Kr | 3/2− | ||
78Rb | 37 | 41 | 77.928141(8) | 17.66(8) min | β+ | 78Kr | 0(+) | ||
78mRb | 111.20(10) keV | 5.74(5) min | β+ (90%) | 78Kr | 4(−) | ||||
IT (10%) | 78Rb | ||||||||
79Rb | 37 | 42 | 78.923989(6) | 22.9(5) min | β+ | 79Kr | 5/2+ | ||
80Rb | 37 | 43 | 79.922519(7) | 33.4(7) s | β+ | 80Kr | 1+ | ||
80mRb | 494.4(5) keV | 1.6(2) µs | 6+ | ||||||
81Rb | 37 | 44 | 80.918996(6) | 4.570(4) h | β+ | 81Kr | 3/2− | ||
81mRb | 86.31(7) keV | 30.5(3) min | IT (97.6%) | 81Rb | 9/2+ | ||||
β+ (2.4%) | 81Kr | ||||||||
82Rb | 37 | 45 | 81.9182086(30) | 1.273(2) min | β+ | 82Kr | 1+ | ||
82mRb | 69.0(15) keV | 6.472(5) h | β+ (99.67%) | 82Kr | 5− | ||||
IT (.33%) | 82Rb | ||||||||
83Rb | 37 | 46 | 82.915110(6) | 86.2(1) d | ε | 83Kr | 5/2− | ||
83mRb | 42.11(4) keV | 7.8(7) ms | IT | 83Rb | 9/2+ | ||||
84Rb | 37 | 47 | 83.914385(3) | 33.1(1) d | β+ (96.2%) | 84Kr | 2− | ||
β− (3.8%) | 84Sr | ||||||||
84mRb | 463.62(9) keV | 20.26(4) min | IT (>99.9%) | 84Rb | 6− | ||||
β+ (<.1%) | 84Kr | ||||||||
85 Rb [n 6] |
37 | 48 | 84.911789738(12) | 稳定 | 5/2− | 0.7217(2) | |||
86Rb | 37 | 49 | 85.91116742(21) | 18.642(18) d | β− (99.9948%) | 86Sr | 2− | ||
ε (.0052%) | 86Kr | ||||||||
86mRb | 556.05(18) keV | 1.017(3) min | IT | 86Rb | 6− | ||||
87Rb[n 7][n 8][n 6] | 37 | 50 | 86.909180527(13) | 4.923(22)×1010 y | β− | 87Sr | 3/2− | 0.2783(2) | |
88Rb | 37 | 51 | 87.91131559(17) | 17.773(11) min | β− | 88Sr | 2− | ||
89Rb | 37 | 52 | 88.912278(6) | 15.15(12) min | β− | 89Sr | 3/2− | ||
90Rb | 37 | 53 | 89.914802(7) | 158(5) s | β− | 90Sr | 0− | ||
90mRb | 106.90(3) keV | 258(4) s | β− (97.4%) | 90Sr | 3− | ||||
IT (2.6%) | 90Rb | ||||||||
91Rb | 37 | 54 | 90.916537(9) | 58.4(4) s | β− | 91Sr | 3/2(−) | ||
92Rb | 37 | 55 | 91.919729(7) | 4.492(20) s | β− (99.98%) | 92Sr | 0− | ||
β−, n (.0107%) | 91Sr | ||||||||
93Rb | 37 | 56 | 92.922042(8) | 5.84(2) s | β− (98.65%) | 93Sr | 5/2− | ||
β−, n (1.35%) | 92Sr | ||||||||
93mRb | 253.38(3) keV | 57(15) µs | (3/2−,5/2−) | ||||||
94Rb | 37 | 57 | 93.926405(9) | 2.702(5) s | β− (89.99%) | 94Sr | 3(−) | ||
β−, n (10.01%) | 93Sr | ||||||||
95Rb | 37 | 58 | 94.929303(23) | 377.5(8) ms | β− (91.27%) | 95Sr | 5/2− | ||
β−, n (8.73%) | 94Sr | ||||||||
96Rb | 37 | 59 | 95.93427(3) | 202.8(33) ms | β− (86.6%) | 96Sr | 2+ | ||
β−, n (13.4%) | 95Sr | ||||||||
96mRb | 0(200)# keV | 200# ms [>1 ms] | β− | 96Sr | 1(−#) | ||||
IT | 96Rb | ||||||||
β−, n | 95Sr | ||||||||
97Rb | 37 | 60 | 96.93735(3) | 169.9(7) ms | β− (74.3%) | 97Sr | 3/2+ | ||
β−, n (25.7%) | 96Sr | ||||||||
98Rb | 37 | 61 | 97.94179(5) | 114(5) ms | β−(86.14%) | 98Sr | (0,1)(−#) | ||
β−, n (13.8%) | 97Sr | ||||||||
β−, 2n (.051%) | 96Sr | ||||||||
98mRb | 290(130) keV | 96(3) ms | β− | 97Sr | (3,4)(+#) | ||||
99Rb | 37 | 62 | 98.94538(13) | 50.3(7) ms | β− (84.1%) | 99Sr | (5/2+) | ||
β−, n (15.9%) | 98Sr | ||||||||
100Rb | 37 | 63 | 99.94987(32)# | 51(8) ms | β− (94.25%) | 100Sr | (3+) | ||
β−, n (5.6%) | 99Sr | ||||||||
β−, 2n (.15%) | 98Sr | ||||||||
101Rb | 37 | 64 | 100.95320(18) | 32(5) ms | β− (69%) | 101Sr | (3/2+)# | ||
β−, n (31%) | 100Sr | ||||||||
102Rb | 37 | 65 | 101.95887(54)# | 37(5) ms | β− (82%) | 102Sr | |||
β−, n (18%) | 101Sr |
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 画上#号的数据代表没有经过实验的证明,仅为理论推测。
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 用括号括起来的数据代表不确定性。
- ^ 半衰期超过5亿年的同位素以粗体表示。
- ^ 稳定的衰变产物以粗体表示。
- ^ 半衰期超过5亿年的衰变产物以粗斜体表示。
- ^ 6.0 6.1 核裂变产物
- ^ 原始放射性同位素
- ^ 用于铷锶定年
← | 同位素列表 | → |
氪的同位素 | 铷的同位素 | 锶的同位素 |
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