纺足目

纺足目; 化石时期：199–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N 侏罗纪 – 现代
	Embia major
科学分类
界：	动物界 Animalia
门：	节肢动物门 Arthropoda
纲：	昆虫纲 Insecta
（未分级）：	双髁类 Dicondylia
亚纲：	有翅亚纲 Pterygota
演化支：	伴翅类 Metapterygota
下纲：	新翅下纲 Neoptera
目：	纺足目 Embioptera; Lameere, 1900
异名
	Embides; Embidina; Embiida; Embiidina; Embiodea;

纺足目（学名：Embioptera）是分布于热带及亚热带的一类渐变态昆虫^[1]。因该目昆虫的前足跗节能分泌丝线，故又通称足丝蚁、丝蚁^[2]。其学名Embioptera源于希腊文ἔμβιος（活的），和πτερὀν（翅），或谓其能快速前后翻飞的翅膀。纺足目估算有1500多种^[1]，截至2022年只描述了400余现生种，分为13科88属^[3]；化石已发表9科14属16种^[2]。

足丝蚁成群生活，以苔藓、地衣等有机碎屑为食，牠们能用其丝腺分泌非常细的丝，在树皮、石墙上构筑成通道（称为丝廊）并居住于其中。

形态

所有纺足目的形态都非常相似，尽管它们的颜色和体型确实有所不同^[4]。尤其是雌性成虫，即使在科级阶元也难以在分类学上加以区分^[5]。

纺足目头部通常呈椭圆形，没有单眼，只有复眼^[2]。雄性复眼通常较小，但是一些夜间出没及躯体部分褪色的种群，其雄性复眼则较膨大；雌性及若虫的复眼则非常小^[6]。触角呈线状，有11-32节不等的鞭节；部分种群的触角末尾会有褪色^[6]；雄性触角上会有刚毛^[3]。口器为咀嚼式，雌性成虫与若虫的颚通常较为粗壮且左右不对称；雄性成虫的颚形态更多样化，在交配时会通过颚抓住雌性^[3]。

纺足目有9节较为修长的腹节，约与头部加胸部等长；腹节背部有10块背板，腹面则有9块腹板；第十块背板在不同科具有不同的形态，有的完全纵向分裂，有的近乎完全分裂，有的几乎不分裂^[2]。

生活史

纺足目大部分群居生活，没有攻击性^[3]。雌性成虫对卵和若虫有抚育行为，例如将很多虫卵缝合在丝廊中；或将部分卵埋在咀嚼树皮形成的凹槽中；有些还会将卵守护在身边防止寄生昆虫寄生^[7]^[2]。大多数种类的雌性成虫在保护自己的卵时会表现出极强的领土意识和攻击性，当捕食者靠近时会发出多种不同的振动信号，吓退捕食者^[8]。当卵孵化后，纺足目的雌性成虫会分泌大量的丝保护若虫^[2]。

通常有翅的雄性成虫寿命较短，在最后两个龄期即不再进食^[6]；深色类群的雄性成虫会在白天扩散，浅色的则一般会在夜晚扩散，找到雌性成虫交配后即死亡^[2]。

分类

纺足目包括以下的科：

Alexarasniidae
Andesembiidae
美丝蚁科 Anisembiidae ，异丝蚁科
Archembiidae
Australembiidae
Brachyphyllophagidae
正尾丝蚁科 Clothodidae
丝蚁科 Embiidae
- Acrosembia Ross, 2006
- Amazonembia Ross, 2001
- Apterembia Ross, 1957
- Arabembia Ross, 1981
- Berlandembia Davis, 1940
- Cleomia Stefani, 1953
- Diastolembia
  - Diastolembia thailandensis Poolprasert, Tanruen, Senarat & Edgerly, 2021^[9]
- Dihybocercus Enderlein, 1912
- Dinembia Davis, 1939
- Donaconethis Enderlein, 1909
- Electroembia Ross, 1956
- Embia Latreille, 1829
- Enveja Navás, 1915
- Galloembia Falières, Engel & Nel, 2021
- Leptembia Krauss, 1911
- Machadoembia Ross, 1952
- Metembia Davis, 1939
- Odontembia Davis, 1939
- Oedembia Ross, 2007
- Parachirembia Davis, 1940
- Parembia Davis, 1939
- Parthenembia Ross, 1960
- Pseudembia Davis, 1939
Embonychidae
异尾丝蚁科 Notoligotomidae ，异小丝蚁科
小丝蚁科 Oligembiidae
等尾丝蚁科 Oligotomidae
Paedembiidae
Ptilocerembiidae
Rasnalexiidae
Sinembiidae
半脉丝蚁科 Teratembiidae

目和科的地位未定的属：

Clothonopsis Hong & Wang, 1987
Condylopalma Sundevall, 1847
Dilobocerca Ross, 1944
Dityle Friederichs, 1908
Drepanembia Ross, 1984
Tillyardembia Zalessky, 1937

参考文献

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 The Insects of Australia : a textbook for students and research workers 2nd. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. : 405－409. ISBN 9780801426698.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 赖泽豪; 杨强，师超凡，任东. 纺足目昆虫研究进展. 环境昆虫学报. 2022, (3): 617–625 [2022-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-01）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Edgerly, Janice S. Biodiversity of Embiodea. Insect Biodiversity. 2018-05-23: 219–244. doi:10.1002/9781118945582.ch9.
^ Edgerly, Janice S.; Davilla, J. A.; Schoenfeld, N. Silk spinning behaviour and domicile construction in webspinners. Journal of Insect Behavior. 2002, 15 (2): 219–242. S2CID 21673429. doi:10.1023/A:1015437001089.
^ Edgerly, Janice S; Sandel, Brody; Regoli, Isabel; Okolo, Onyekachi. Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?. Insect Systematics and Diversity. 2020-03-01, 4 (2): 2. doi:10.1093/isd/ixaa007.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Ross, Edward S. Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 1. Origin, relationships and integumental anatomy of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences. 2000, 149: 1–53.
^ Miller, Kelly B.; Edgerly, Janice S. Systematics and natural history of the Australian genus Metoligotoma Davis (Embioptera:Australembiidae). Invertebrate Systematics. 2008, 22 (3): 329. doi:10.1071/IS07018.
^ Dejan, KA; Fresquez, JM; Meyer, AM; Edgerly, JS. Maternal territoriality achieved through shaking and lunging: an investigation of patterns in associated behaviors and substrate vibrations in a colonial embiopteran, Antipaluria urichi.. Journal of insect science (Online). 2013, 13: 82. PMID 24224696. doi:10.1673/031.013.8201.
^ Pisit Poolprasert, Keerati Tanruen, Sinlaprachai Senarat and Janice S. Edgerly. 2021. Diastolembia thailandensis, A Remarkable New Genus and Species of Embiids (Embioptera: Embiidae) from Thailand. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences. 48 (10). http://JoNUNS.com/index.php/journal/article/view/768

[Insects_Australia-1] 1.0 ^1.1 The Insects of Australia : a textbook for students and research workers 2nd. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. : 405－409. ISBN 9780801426698.

[hjkcxb202203012-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 赖泽豪; 杨强，师超凡，任东. 纺足目昆虫研究进展. 环境昆虫学报. 2022, (3): 617–625 [2022-12-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-01）.

[Edgerly2018-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Edgerly, Janice S. Biodiversity of Embiodea. Insect Biodiversity. 2018-05-23: 219–244. doi:10.1002/9781118945582.ch9.

[Edgerly02-4] Edgerly, Janice S.; Davilla, J. A.; Schoenfeld, N. Silk spinning behaviour and domicile construction in webspinners. Journal of Insect Behavior. 2002, 15 (2): 219–242. S2CID 21673429. doi:10.1023/A:1015437001089.

[5] Edgerly, Janice S; Sandel, Brody; Regoli, Isabel; Okolo, Onyekachi. Silk Spinning Behavior Varies from Species-Specific to Individualistic in Embioptera: Do Environmental Correlates Account for this Diversity?. Insect Systematics and Diversity. 2020-03-01, 4 (2): 2. doi:10.1093/isd/ixaa007.

[ross2000-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Ross, Edward S. Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Part 1. Origin, relationships and integumental anatomy of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences. 2000, 149: 1–53.

[7] Miller, Kelly B.; Edgerly, Janice S. Systematics and natural history of the Australian genus Metoligotoma Davis (Embioptera:Australembiidae). Invertebrate Systematics. 2008, 22 (3): 329. doi:10.1071/IS07018.

[8] Dejan, KA; Fresquez, JM; Meyer, AM; Edgerly, JS. Maternal territoriality achieved through shaking and lunging: an investigation of patterns in associated behaviors and substrate vibrations in a colonial embiopteran, Antipaluria urichi.. Journal of insect science (Online). 2013, 13: 82. PMID 24224696. doi:10.1673/031.013.8201.

[9] Pisit Poolprasert, Keerati Tanruen, Sinlaprachai Senarat and Janice S. Edgerly. 2021. Diastolembia thailandensis, A Remarkable New Genus and Species of Embiids (Embioptera: Embiidae) from Thailand. Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences. 48 (10). http://JoNUNS.com/index.php/journal/article/view/768

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