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法语动词变位

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法语动词变位(法语:Conjugaison du verbe en français),是指法语动词为了表达不同的语式时态人称而产生的形式变化。法语动词可以分为三组:

  • 第一组:不定式以-er(aller除外)
  • 第二组:不定式以-ir结尾,现在分词以-issant结尾

(以上两组为规则动词)

  • 第三组:不规则动词
    • 第一部分:不定式以-ir结尾,现在分词以-ant结尾
    • 第二部分:不定式以-oir结尾
    • 第三部分:不定式以-re结尾
    • aller

法语第三组动词具有封闭性,不再增加新的动词,大部分新增动词(如téléviser, atomiser, radiographier)列入第一组,少数新增动词(如alunir)属于第二组。

语气和时态

法语变位中七种不同语气:直陈式(indicatif),虚拟式(subjonctif),条件式(conditionnel),命令式(impératif),分词(participe),不定式(infinitif),动名词(gérondif)

需要结合语气描述的时态如下所示,时态有时需要借助助动词来表达:

  • 直陈式
    • 现在时 (présent)[a]
    • 复合过去时 (passé composé):使用依现在时变位的助动词。
    • 未完成过去时 (imparfait)[a]
    • 愈过去时 (plus-que-parfait):使用依未完成过去时变位的助动词。
    • 简单过去时 (passé simple)[a][b]
    • 先过去时 (passé antérieur):使用依简单过去时变位的助动词。[b]
    • 简单将来时 (futur simple)[a]
    • 先将来时 (futur antérieur):使用依简单将来时变位的助动词。
  • 虚拟式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时 (passé):使用依虚拟式现在时变位的助动词。
    • 未完成过去时[a][b]
    • 愈过去时:使用依虚拟式未完成过去时变位的助动词。[b]
  • 命令式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时:使用依命令式现在时变位的助动词。[c]
  • 条件式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时 (形式 1):使用依条件式现在时变位的助动词。
    • 过去时 (形式 2):使用依虚拟式未完成过去时变位的助动词。[c]
  • 不定式
    • 现在时[a]
    • 过去时:使用依不定式现在时变位的助动词。
  • 分词
    • 现在分词[a]
    • 过去分词[a]
  • 动名词:将现在分词置于介系词"en"之后构成。

助动词

Avoir

该动词在变位时词干会发生变化。未完成过去时变为av- /av/;虚拟式现在时变为ai- /ɛ/;将来时和条件式变为aur- /oʁ/;简单和虚拟式过去时变为e- (不发音: eus,eusse分别读成/y//ys/)。 尽管词干会改变,但这些时态的变化也常被归类为规则的 -oir 动词.

在现在时中,不仅词干会变化,时态变化也是不规则的:

Avoir
 
直陈式 虚拟 条件式 命令式
现在时 简单过去时 未完成过去时 简单将来时 现在时 未完成过去时 现在时 现在时
j' ai /e/ eus /y/ avais /avɛ/ aurai /oʁe/ aie /ɛ/ eusse /ys/ aurais /oʁɛ/
tu as /a/ auras /oʁa/ aies /ɛ/ eusses /ys/ aie* /ɛ/
il/elle/on a /a/ eut /y/ avait /avɛ/ aura /oʁa/ ait /ɛ/ eût /y/ aurait /oʁɛ/
nous avons /avɔ̃/ eûmes /ym/ avions /avjɔ̃/ aurons /oʁɔ̃/ ayons /ɛjɔ̃/ eussions /ysjɔ̃/ aurions /oʁjɔ̃/ ayons* /ɛjɔ̃/
vous avez /ave/ eûtes /yt/ aviez /avje/ aurez /oʁe/ ayez /ɛje/ eussiez /ysje/ auriez /oʁje/ ayez* /ɛje/
ils/elles ont /ɔ̃/ eurent /yʁ/ avaient /avɛ/ auront /oʁɔ̃/ aient /ɛ/ eussent /ys/ auraient /oʁɛ/

* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。

非限定形式:

  • 不定式:avoir /avwaʁ/
  • 现在分词:ayant /ejɑ̃/
  • 动名词:en ayant /ɑ̃n‿ejɑ̃/
  • 动词性形容词:ayant(s) /ejɑ̃/, ayante(s) /ejɑ̃t/
  • 过去分词:eu(e)(s) /y/

助动词:avoir

Être

该动词在变位时词干会发生变化,读音也有所不同:未完成过去时变为ét- /et/;虚拟式现在时变为soi- /swa/;将来时和条件式变为ser- /səʁ/;简单和虚拟式过去时变为/f/。涉及时态变化的均为-oir词尾的常规动词(也就是说是-re形式动词,但在f-形式下带有元音u /y/)。例如,虚拟式soyons, soyez发音时带有其他-re-oir动词的y音(/swajɔ̃, swaje/)。

在一般现在时中,不仅词干变化,词缀也会发生不规则变化:

Être "to be"
 
直陈式 虚拟式 条件式 命令式
'现在时 简单过去式 未完成过去时 简单将来时 现在时 未完成过去时 现在时 现在时
je suis /sɥi/ fus /fy/ étais /etɛ/ serai /səʁe/ sois /swa/ fusse /fys/ serais /səʁɛ/
tu es /ɛ/ seras /səʁa/ fusses /fys/ sois* /swa/
il/elle/on est /ɛ/ fut /fy/ était /etɛ/ sera /səʁa/ soit /swa/ fût /fy/ serait /səʁɛ/
nous sommes /sɔm/ fûmes /fym/ étions /etjɔ̃/ serons /səʁɔ̃/ soyons /swajɔ̃/ fussions /fysjɔ̃/ serions /səʁjɔ̃/ soyons* /swajɔ̃/
vous êtes /ɛt/ fûtes /fyt/ étiez /etje/ serez /səʁe/ soyez /swaje/ fussiez /fysje/ seriez /səʁje/ soyez* /swaje/
ils/elles sont /sɔ̃/ furent /fyʁ/ étaient /etɛ/ seront /səʁɔ̃/ soient /swa/ fussent /fys/ seraient /səʁɛ/

* 须注意命令式使用虚拟语气变位。

非限定形式使用词干êt-/ɛt/(用在辅音之前)/ét- /et/(用在元音之前):

  • 不定式:être
  • 现在分词:étant
  • 动名词:en étant
  • 动词性形容词:étant(e)(s)
  • 过去分词:été

助动词:avoir

第一组动词 (以 -er 结尾的动词)

-er结尾的法语动词占据法语动词的大部分,并与其他动词变位有所区别。许多情况下在词根与屈折词缀中间可能会插入母音,此组动词中会插入不发音的 -e- (简单现在时单数)、-ai /e/ (过去分词与简单过去时的je)、以及 -a- /a/ (其余过去简单时以及虚拟式未完成过去时)。此外,正字法中-ir-re 结尾动词在现在时和过去分词出现的-t 在此类动词中不存在,因此词缀的最后子音为 -Ø, -s, -Ø ,而非其他类动词的 -s, -s, -t

Parler

动词 parler "说、讲",根据法语正字法与IPA转写
 
直陈式 虚拟式 条件式 命令式
现在时 简单过去时 未完成过去时 简单未来时 现在时 未完成过去时 现在时 现在时
je parl-e
/paʁl/
parl-ai
/paʁle/
parl-ais
/paʁlɛ/
parl-erai
/paʁləʁe/
parl-e
/paʁl/
parl-asse
/paʁlas/
parl-erais
/paʁləʁɛ/
tu parl-es
/paʁl/
parl-as
/paʁla/
parl-eras
/paʁləʁa/
parl-es
/paʁl/
parl-asses
/paʁlas/
parl-e
/paʁl/
il parl-e
/paʁl/
parl-a
/paʁla/
parl-ait
/paʁlɛ/
parl-era
/paʁləʁa/
parl-e
/paʁl/
parl-ât
/paʁla/
parl-erait
/paʁləʁɛ/
nous parl-ons
/paʁlɔ̃/
parl-âmes
/paʁlɑm/
parl-ions
/paʁljɔ̃/
parl-erons
/paʁləʁɔ̃/
parl-ions
/paʁljɔ̃/
parl-assions
/paʁlasjɔ̃/
parl-erions
/paʁləʁjɔ̃/
parl-ons
/paʁlɔ̃/
vous parl-ez
/paʁle/
parl-âtes
/paʁlɑt/
parl-iez
/paʁlje/
parl-erez
/paʁləʁe/
parl-iez
/paʁlje/
parl-assiez
/paʁlasje/
parl-eriez
/paʁləʁje/
parl-ez
/paʁle/
ils parl-ent
/paʁl/
parl-èrent
/paʁlɛʁ/
parl-aient
/paʁlɛ/
parl-eront
/paʁləʁɔ̃/
parl-ent
/paʁl/
parl-assent
/paʁlas/
parl-eraient
/paʁləʁɛ/

非限定动词形式:

  • 不定式:parl-er /paʁle/
  • 现在分词:parl-ant /paʁlɑ̃/
  • 动名词: en parl-ant /ɑ̃ paʁlɑ̃/
  • 动词性形容词:parl-ant(s) /paʁlɑ̃/, parl-ante(s) /paʁlɑ̃t/
  • 过去分词: parl-é(e)(s) /paʁle/

助动词:avoir (arriver, entrer, monter, passer, rester, rentrer, retourner, 与 tomber 使用 être)

特殊情况:

  • 直陈式或虚拟式第一人称单数一般现在时采用倒装形式时,其词尾的e须变成é(一般用法)或è(现代修正用法),连接两个词,例如:« Parlè-je ? »(/paʁlɛʒ/),“我可以讲话了吗?”(不过这个结构非常少见)。
  • 命令式第二人称单数后跟宾语yen饰,其词尾须加s,例如:« Parles-en ! »([paʁlzɑ̃]),“讲讲!”

特殊动词:

  • 动词aller尽管以-er结尾,但属于第三组不规则动词。
  • -cer结尾的动词,在ao开头词尾前的c须变成ç,表示该词仍发/s/音(je déplace - nous déplaçons);类似地,以-ger结尾的动词,在类似的词尾前的g须变成ge,表示该词仍发/ʒ/音(je mange - nous mangeons)。
  • -oyer-uyer结尾的动词,在哑音e开头词尾前的y须变成i(nous envoyons - j'envoie);在-ayer结尾的动词中,类似词尾前的y可选择变成i(je paye - je paie)。另外,未来时和条件式的envoyerenverr-开头,而不是envoyer-,类似于renvoyer
  • -é.er结尾的动词,哑音结尾前的é'变成è,未来时和条件式可变可不变。
  • 其他大多数以-eler-eter结尾的-e.er动词,哑音e开头词尾前的e变成è(含未来时和条件式结尾)。例如:peler(剥皮)-> je pèle(现在时)/ je pèlerai(未来时)/ je pèlerais(条件式)。
  • 大多数以-eler-eter结尾的动词,哑音e开头词尾前e变成è,或将lt变成lltt。该形式的其他动词仅允许存在一种或其他形式。例如:appeler(呼唤)-> j'appelle(现在时) / j'appellerai(未来时) / j'appellerais(条件式)。
  • 下列动词的形容词形式的变化不规则:adhérer - adhérent(e)(s); coïncider - coïncident(e)(s); confluer - confluent(e)(s); affluer - affluent(e)(s); converger - convergent(e)(s); déterger - détergent(e)(s); différer - différent(e)(s); exceller - excellent(e)(s); diverger - divergent(e)(s); négliger, négligent(e)(s); précéder - précédent(e)(s); violer - violent(e)(s); influer - influent(e)(s); communiquer - communicant(e)(s); suffoquer - suffocant(e)(s); provoquer - provocant(e)(s); naviguer - navigant(e)(s); déléguer - délégant(e)(s); fatiguer - fatigant(e)(s); intriguer - intrigant(e)(s)。

第二组动词 (以 -ir 结尾的动词 / 现在分词以 -issant 结尾)

-ir结尾动词与-er结尾动词有几处不同:

  • 元音均变为-i,例如过去时虚拟式为-isse,而非-er结尾动词的-asse
  • 少数一般式动词本身都会产生变化,尽管该词完全是正字法,不会影响读音:在一般现在时和过去时中,这些词结尾变为-s、-s、-t,而非-
  • A few of the singular inflections themselves change, though this is purely orthographic and does not affect the pronunciation: in the simple present and past, these are -s, -s, -t rather than -Ø, -s, -Ø. (The change in pronunciation is due to the change of vowel from e, ai, a to -i-.)
  • In the simple present, imperfect, the present subjunctive, and the gerund, a suffix -iss- /is/ appears between the root and the inflectional endings. In the simple present singular, this suffix has disappeared and the endings are -is, -is, -it.

choisir

The verb choisir "to choose", in French orthography and IPA transcription
 
直陈式 虚拟式 条件式 命令式
现在时 简单过去时 未完成过去时 简单未来时 现在时 未完成过去时 现在时 现在时
je chois-is
/ʃwazi/
chois-issais
/ʃwazisɛ/
chois-irai
/ʃwaziʁe/
chois-isse
/ʃwazis/
chois-irais
/ʃwaziʁɛ/
tu chois-iras
/ʃwaziʁa/
chois-isses
/ʃwazis/
chois-is
/ʃwazi/
il chois-it
/ʃwazi/
chois-issait
/ʃwazisɛ/
chois-ira
/ʃwaziʁa/
chois-isse
/ʃwazis/
chois-ît
/ʃwazi/
chois-irait
/ʃwaziʁɛ/
nous chois-issons
/ʃwazisɔ̃/
chois-îmes
/ʃwazim/
chois-issions
/ʃwazisjɔ̃/
chois-irons
/ʃwaziʁɔ̃/
chois-issions
/ʃwazisjɔ̃/
chois-irions
/ʃwaziʁjɔ̃/
chois-issons
/ʃwazisɔ̃/
vous chois-issez
/ʃwazise/
chois-îtes
/ʃwazit/
chois-issiez
/ʃwazisje/
chois-irez
/ʃwaziʁe/
chois-issiez
/ʃwazisje/
chois-iriez
/ʃwaziʁje/
chois-issez
/ʃwazise/
ils chois-issent
/ʃwazis/
chois-irent
/ʃwaziʁ/
chois-issaient
/ʃwazisɛ/
chois-iront
/ʃwaziʁɔ̃/
chois-issent
/ʃwazis/
chois-iraient
/ʃwaziʁɛ/

非限定动词形式:

  • 不定式: chois-ir /ʃwaziʁ/
  • 现在分词: chois-issant /ʃwazisɑ̃/
  • 动名词: en chois-issant /ɑ̃ ʃwazisɑ̃/
  • 动词性形容词: chois-issant(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃/, chois-issante(s) /ʃwazisɑ̃t/
  • 过去分词: chois-i(e)(s) /ʃwazi/

助动词: avoir (用 partir 时助动词使用 être)

haïr

动词 haïr 在现在简单时的单数形式中会失去分音符号 (i 去除了他的变音符号, 代表初始音节的发音是单个元音 /ɛ/ 而不是分开发音的 /ai/): 单数:je hais, tu hais, il/elle hait 复数:nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent /ʒə ɛ, ty ɛ, il ɛ, nu aisɔ̃, vu aise, il ais/. Hais 用于祈使句. 在其他形式中, 词根是 /ai/ (imperfect and present & past subjunctive /ais/-, future and conditional /aiʁ/-).

魁北克法語 使用另外一種變位規則。在魁北克法語中,在歐洲法語裡發音不同的兩種詞幹都發/ai/。因此所有形式都使用帶分音符的ï: J'haïs, tu haïs, il/elle haït, nous haïssons, vous haïssez, ils/elles haïssent. 請注意, 魁北克法語裡haïrh 是不發音的, 所以魁北克法語裡 Je 省略為 j'haïs /ʒai/ 而歐洲法語使用 je hais /ʒə.ɛ/.

第三组动词

First sub-conjugation: Verbs with seven principal parts

Most irregular French verbs can be described with seven principal parts. In reality, few if any verbs have separate stems for all seven parts; instead, they tend to "inherit" the same stem as another part. Note that the endings for these verbs are basically the same as for regular -ir verbs; in fact, regular -ir verbs can be fit into this scheme by treating the -iss- variants as different principal parts.

Principal part How to get the stem "Inherited" (regular) value of stem
infinitive Remove ending -er, -ir, -oir, -re
First singular present indicative Remove ending -s, -e Infinitive stem
First plural present indicative Remove ending -ons Infinitive stem
Third plural present indicative Remove ending -ent First plural present stem
(First singular) future Remove ending -ai Full infinitive stem (minus any -e)
(Masculine singular) past participle Full word Infinitive stem, plus -i (plus -u if ends -re)
(First singular) simple past Remove ending -s, -ai Past participle (minus any -s or -t)

The following table shows how the paradigm of an irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that a few verbs construct the present indicative (especially the singular) differently.

Paradigm for most irregular verbs (7 principal parts)
 
直陈式 虚拟式 条件式 命令式
现在时 简单过去时 未完成过去时 简单未来时 现在时 未完成过去时 现在时 现在时
je 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+ai 3P+e PAST+sse FUT+ais
tu FUT+as 3P+es PAST+sses (same as pres. indic. 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel, else 2nd. sg.)
il 1S+t1 PAST+t 1P+ait FUT+a 3P+e PAST+ˆt FUT+ait
nous 1P+ons PAST+ˆmes 1P+ions FUT+ons 1P+ions PAST+ssions FUT+ions (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.)
vous 1P+ez PAST+ˆtes 1P+iez FUT+ez 1P+iez PAST+ssiez FUT+iez (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.)
ils 3P+ent PAST+rent 1P+aient FUT+ont 3P+ent PAST+ssent FUT+aient

1 The -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
  • Present participle: 1P-ant
  • Gerundive: en 1P-ant
  • Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives principal parts for a number of irregular verbs. There are a number of fair-sized groups of verbs that are conjugated alike; these are listed first. There are some additional irregularities in the present indicative, which are listed below. Nearly all irregularities affect the singular, and are purely issues of spelling. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

Table of principal parts of irregular (and -ir) French verbs (7 principal parts)
INF: Infinitive Meaning FUT: Future Present Indicative PP: Past Participle PAST: Simple Past Notes Similar verbs
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) 3P: 3rd Plur
chois-ir "to choose" choisir-ai choisi-s choisiss-ons choisiss-ent choisi choisi-s How a regular -ir verb would be represented by its principal parts About 300 verbs in -ir
"haïr" "to hate" haïr-ai hai-s / haï-s1 haïss-ons haïss-ent haï haï-s The same as a regular -ir verb but in Sing. pres. indic. the diaeresis drops out
vend-re "to sell" vendr-ai vend-s, vend-s, vend2 vend-ons vend-ent vendu vendi-s So-called "regular -re" verbs; all end in -dre, but not -indre attendre "wait", défendre "defend", descendre "go down", entendre "hear", étendre "extend", fondre "melt", pendre "hang", perdre "lose", prétendre "pretend", rendre "return, give back", répandre "spill", répondre "respond", etc.
craind-re "to fear" craindr-ai crain-s craign-ons craign-ent craint craign-is All verbs in -aindre, -eindre, -oindre, e.g. contraindre "compel", plaindre "complain"; atteindre "reach", ceindre "gird", empreindre "stamp", éteindre "turn off", étreindre "hug", feindre "pretend", geindre "whine", peindre "paint", restreindre "restrict", teindre "dye"; joindre "join", oindre "anoint", poindre "dawn", rejoindre "rejoin"
part-ir "to leave" partir-ai par-s part-ons part-ent parti parti-s Sing. pres. indic. stem drops last consonant of basic stem: je pars, dors, mens, sens, sers, sors /ʒ(ə) paʁ, dɔʁ, mɑ̃, sɔʁ, sɑ̃, sɛʁ/ se départir "divest", repartir" "leave again", dormir "sleep", s'endormir "fall asleep", se rendormir "fall back asleep", mentir "lie (tell lies)", démentir "contradict", sentir "feel", consentir "agree", pressentir "foresee", ressentir "feel", servir "serve", desservir "clear away", resservir "serve again", sortir "go out", ressortir "come back"
vêt-ir "to dress" vêtir-ai vêt-s vêt-ons vêt-ent vêtu vêti-s The same as partir, except for the past participle dévêtir "undress", revêtir "cover"
requér-ir "to require, demand" requerr-ai requier-s requér-ons requièr-ent requis requi-s
ouvr-ir "to open" ouvrir-ai ouvr-e, ouvr-es, ouvr-e ouvr-ons ouvr-ent ouvert ouvri-s Sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs couvrir "cover", "découvrir" "discover", offrir "offer", souffrir "suffer"
condui-re "to lead" conduir-ai condui-s conduis-ons conduis-ent conduit conduisi-s All verbs in -uire e.g. construire "build", cuire "cook", détruire "destroy", instruire "instruct", réduire "reduce", produire "produce", traduire "translate", etc.
recev-oir "to receive" recevr-ai reçoi-s recev-ons reçoiv-ent reçu reçu-s Other verbs in -cevoir, e.g. apercevoir "perceive", concevoir "conceive", décevoir "disappoint"
envoy-er "to send" enverr-ai envoi-e3 envoy-ons3 envoi-ent3 envoyé envoy-ai
voir "to see" verr-ai voi-s voy-ons voi-ent3 vu vi-s revoir "see again"
choir "to fall" choir-ai choi-s choy-ons choi-ent3 chu chu-s échoir "befall"
dev-oir "to owe, must" devr-ai doi-s dev-ons doiv-ent du-s Very similar to recevoir, but adds a circumflex to du to distinguish it from the partitive article du - due, dus and dues remain unchanged
mouv-oir "to move" mouvr-ai meu-s mouv-ons meuv-ent mu-s Adds a circumflex to mu to distinguish it from the Greek letter mu (μ) - mue, mus and mues remain unchanged
émouv-oir "to move, affect" émouvr-ai émeu-s émouv-ons émeuv-ent ému ému-s promouvoir "promote"
pleuv-oir "to rain" pleuvr-a pleu-t (stem pleuv-) (stem pleuv-) plu plu-t Impersonal (3rd-singular only)
asseoir "to sit" assiér-ai; assoir-ai assied-s, assied-s, assied;2 assoi-s assey-ons; assoy-ons assey-ent; assoi-ent assis assi-s Notice that there are two sets of conjugations.
cueill-ir /kœjiʁ/ "to gather" cueiller-ai cueill-e, cueill-es, cueill-e cueill-ons cueill-ent cueilli cueilli-s Like ouvrir except the future; sing. pres. indic. uses endings -e -es -e, as with -er verbs
ven-ir "to come" viendr-ai vien-s ven-ons vienn-ent venu vin-s Note simple past plural vînmes, vîntes, vinrent /vɛ̃m, vɛ̃t, vɛ̃ʁ/ revenir "return", devenir "become", se souvenir "remember", parvenir "reach", prévenir "tell beforehand"; tenir "hold", retenir "memorize", contretenir "talk", soutenir "sustain", maintenir "maintain", appartenir "belong", etc.
mour-ir "to die" mourr-ai meur-s mour-ons meur-ent mort mouru-s
cour-ir "to run" courr-ai cour-s cour-ons cour-ent couru couru-s
di-re "to say, tell" dir-ai di-s dis-ons, dites dis-ent dit di-s Note the 2nd pl. dites contredire "contradict", interdire "forbid"
li-re "to read" lir-ai li-s lis-ons lis-ent lu lu-s
écri-re "to write" écrir-ai écri-s écriv-ons écriv-ent écrit écrivi-s décrire "describe", inscrire "inscribe"
ri-re "to laugh" rir-ai ri-s ri-ons ri-ent ri ri-s sourire "smile"
suffi-re "to suffice" suffir-ai suffi-s suffis-ons suffis-ent suffi suffi-s confire "pickle", circoncire "circumcise", frire "fry"
boi-re "to drink" boir-ai boi-s buv-ons boiv-ent bu bu-s
croi-re "to believe" croir-ai croi-s croy-ons3 croi-ent3 cru cru-s
conclu-re "to conclude" conclur-ai conclu-s conclu-ons conclu-ent conclu conclu-s Other verbs in -clure
plai-re "to please" plair-ai plai-s, plai-s, plaît plais-ons plais-ent plu plu-s Note the 3rd sg. plaît
clo-re "to close" clor-ai clo-s, clo-s, clôt clos-ons clos-ent clos (missing) Also missing the imperfect; note the 3rd sg. clôt
prend-re "to take" prendr-ai prend-s, prend-s, prend2 pren-ons prenn-ent pris pri-s comprendre "understand", apprendre "study", reprendre "take again", etc.
viv-re "to live" vivr-ai vi-s viv-ons viv-ent vécu vécu-s revivre "come alive again", survivre "survive"
suiv-re "to follow" suivr-ai sui-s suiv-ons suiv-ent suivi suivi-s poursuivre "pursue"
naît-re "to be born" naîtr-ai nai-s, nai-s, naît naiss-ons naiss-ent naqui-s Note the 3rd sg. naît
connaît-re "to know" connaîtr-ai connai-s, connai-s, connaît connaiss-ons connaiss-ent connu connu-s Note the 3rd sg. connaît reconnaître "recognize", paraître "seem", apparaître "appear", reparaître "reappear", disparaître "disappear"
mett-re "to put" mettr-ai met-s, met-s, met2 mett-ons mett-ent mis mi-s promettre "promise", permettre "permit", compromettre "compromise, damage", soumettre "submit, subdue", transmettre "transmit"
batt-re "to beat" battr-ai bat-s, bat-s, bat2 batt-ons batt-ent battu batti-s Close to vendre
romp-re "to break" rompr-ai romp-s romp-ons romp-ent rompu rompi-s Very close to vendre
vainc-re "to conquer" vaincr-ai vainc-s, vainc-s, vainc vainqu-ons vainqu-ent vaincu vainqui-s Essentially same as vendre, except for c/qu variation convaincre "convince"
trai-re "to milk" trair-ai trai-s tray-ons3 trai-ent3 trai-t (missing) contraire "contract", extraire "extract", soustraire "subtract", retraire "withdraw"
coud-re "to sew" coudr-ai coud-s, coud-s, coud2 cous-ons cous-ent cousu cousi-s
moud-re "to grind, mill" moudr-ai moud-s, moud-s, moud2 moul-ons moul-ent moulu moulu-s
résoud-re "to solve, resolve" résoudr-ai résou-s résolv-ons résolv-ent résolu résolu-s
absoud-re "to solve, absolve" absoudr-ai absou-s absolv-ons absolv-ent absous absolu-s The same as résoudre, except for the past participle

1 Only in Quebec French

2 The ending -t is regularly dropped when directly following a d or t (e.g. il vend "he sells", not *il vendt).

3 Alternation of "-ai-" and -oi- before consonant or unstressed e, "-ay-" and -oy- before other vowels is automatic in all verbs.

The following table shows an example paradigm of one of these verbs, recevoir "to receive".

Recevoir "to receive"
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple Past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je reçoi-s
/ʁəswa/
reçu-s
/ʁəsy/
recev-ais
/ʁəsəvɛ/
recevr-ai
/ʁəsəvʁe/
reçoiv-e
/ʁəswav/
reçu-sse
/ʁəsys/
recevr-ais
/ʁəsəvʁɛ/
tu recevr-as
/ʁəsəvʁa/
reçoiv-es
/ʁəswav/
reçu-sses
/ʁəsys/
reçoi-s
/ʁəswa/
il reçoi-t
/ʁəswa/
reçu-t
/ʁəsy/
recev-ait
/ʁəsəvɛ/
recevr-a
/ʁəsəvʁa/
reçoiv-e
/ʁəswav/
reçû-t
/ʁəsy/
recevr-ait
/ʁəsəvʁɛ/
nous recev-ons
/ʁəsəvɔ̃/
reçû-mes
/ʁəsym/
recev-ions
/ʁəsəvjɔ̃/
recevr-ons
/ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/
recev-ions
/ʁəsəvjɔ̃/
reçu-ssions
/ʁəsysjɔ̃/
recevr-ions
/ʁəsəvʁijɔ̃/
recev-ons
/ʁəsəvɔ̃/
vous recev-ez
/ʁəsəve/
reçû-tes
/ʁəsyt/
recev-iez
/ʁəsəvje/
recevr-ez
/ʁəsəvʁe/
recev-iez
/ʁəsəvje/
reçu-ssiez
/ʁəsysje/
recevr-iez
/ʁəsəvʁije/
recev-ez
/ʁəsəve/
ils reçoiv-ent
/ʁəswav/
reçu-rent
/ʁəsyʁ/
recev-aient
/ʁəsəvɛ/
recevr-ont
/ʁəsəvʁɔ̃/
reçoiv-ent
/ʁəswav/
reçu-ssent
/ʁəsys/
recevr-aient
/ʁəsəvʁɛ/

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: recevoir
  • Present participle: recevant
  • Gerundive: en recevant
  • Verbal adjective: recevant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: reçu(e)(s)

Verbs with eleven principal parts

Nine verbs also have an irregular subjunctive stem, used at least for the singular and third plural of the present subjunctive. These verbs can be said to have 11 principal parts, because the subjunctive stem may or may not be used for the first and second plural present subjunctive, the imperative and/or the present participle, in ways that vary from verb to verb.

The following table shows how the paradigm of an 11-principal-part irregular verb is constructed from its principal parts. Note that these verbs are generally the most irregular verbs in French, and many of them construct the present indicative (especially the singular) in an idiosyncratic fashion. The verb aller also constructs its past participle and simple past differently, according to the endings for -er verbs.

Paradigm for the highly irregular verbs (11 principal parts)
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+ai SUBJ+e PAST+sse FUT+ais
tu 1S+s PAST+s 1P+ais FUT+as SUBJ+es PAST+sses FUT+ais (same as pres. indic. 2nd. sg.; but use 3rd. sg. if ends with vowel) or SUBJ+e
il 1S+t PAST+t 1P+ait FUT+a SUBJ+e PAST+ˆt FUT+ait
nous 1P+ons PAST+ˆmes 1P+ions FUT+ons SUBJ+ions or 1P+ions PAST+ssions FUT+ions (same as pres. indic. 1st pl.) or SUBJ+ons
vous 1P+ez PAST+ˆtes 1P+iez FUT+ez SUBJ+iez or 1P+iez PAST+ssiez FUT+iez (same as pres. indic. 2nd pl.) or SUBJ+ez
ils 3P+ent PAST+rent 1P+aient FUT+ont SUBJ+ent PAST+ssent FUT+aient

Non-finite forms:

  • Infinitive: (full infinitive, with suffix)
  • Present participle: 1P-ant or SUBJ-ant
  • Gerundive: en 1P-ant or en SUBJ-ant
  • Verbal adjective: 1P-ant(e)(s) or SUBJ-ant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: PP(e)(s)

The following table gives the principal parts for the 11-principal-part verbs. (Stems that are irregular in the sense of being unpredictable by the above rules are given in boldface.)

Table of principal parts of the highly irregular French verbs (11 principal parts)
INF: Infinitive Meaning FUT: Future Present Indicative Present Subjunctive Imperative Present Participle PP: Past Participle PAST: Simple Past Notes Similar verbs
1S: 1st Sing (2nd Sing, 3rd Sing) 1P: 1st Plur (2nd Plur) 3P: 3rd Plur SUBJ:1st Sing 1st Plur
pouv-oir "to be able" pourr-ai peux/puis, peux, peut (puis是pouvoir旧的第一人称直陈式现在时,现一般仅用于正式的倒装疑问句) pouv-ons peuv-ent puiss-e follows subj. (puiss-ions) follows indic. follows 1P (pouv-ant) pu pu-s (reg.) alternate 1st sing. puis required in questions, use elsewhere is mannered; note that old pres. part. puiss-ant is attested as an adjective "powerful"
sav-oir "to know" saur-ai sai-s sav-ons sav-ent sach-e follows subj. (sach-ions) follows subj. (sache, sachons, sachez) follows subj. (sach-ant) su su-s
voul-oir "to want" voudr-ai veux, veux, veut voul-ons veul-ent veuill-e follows indic. (voul-ions) follows subj. (veuille, veuillons, veuillez) follows 1P (voul-ant) voulu voulu-s
val-oir "to be worth" vaudr-ai vaux, vaux, vaut val-ons val-ent vaill-e follows indic. (val-ions) follows indic. (vaux, valons, valez) follows 1P (val-ant) valu valu-s
fall-oir "to be necessary" faudr-a fau-t (stem fall-) faill-e fall-u fallu-t Impersonal (3rd-singular only)
fai-re "to do" fer-ai fai-s fais-ons, faites font fass-e follows subj. (fass-ions) follows indic. follows 1P (fais-ant) fait fi-s 2nd pl. pres. indic. faites (also in imperative) défaire, refaire, satisfaire
av-oir "to have" aur-ai ai, as, a av-ons ont ai-e, ai-es, ai-t; ai-ent ay-ons, ay-ez follows subj. (aie, ayons, ayez) follows subj. (ay-ant) eu /y/ eu-s
êt-re "to be" ser-ai suis, es, est sommes, êtes; stem ét- sont soi-s, soi-s, soi-t; soi-ent soy-ons, soy-ez follows subj. (sois, soyons, soyez) follows 1P (ét-ant) été fu-s
all-er "to go" ir-ai vais/vas1, vas, va all-ons vont aill-e follows indic. (all-ions) follows indic. follows 1P (all-ant) allé all-ai 2nd. sg. imperat. va, but vas-y "go there" s'en aller "leave"

Aller

The verb aller means "to go" and is sufficiently irregular that it merits listing its conjugation in full. It is the only verb with the first group ending "er" to have an irregular conjugation. It belongs to none of the three sections of the third group, and is often categorized on its own. The verb has different stems for different tenses. These are all pronounced differently: past all- /al/ (simple past, imperfect, past subjunctive); present subjunctive aill- /aj/; conditional and future ir- /iʁ/. The inflections of these tenses are completely regular, and pronounced as in any other -er verb. However, in the simple present, not only are there stem changes, but the inflections are irregular as well:

Aller "to go"
 
Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Imperative
Present Simple past Imperfect Future Present Imperfect Present Present
je vais, vas1 /vɛ/, /va/ allai /ale/ allais /alɛ/ irai /iʁe/ aille /aj/ allasse /alas/ irais /iʁɛ/
tu vas /va/ allas allais iras ailles allasses irais va
il/elle/on va /va/ alla allait ira aille allât irait
nous allons /alɔ̃/ allâmes allions irons allions allassions irions allons
vous allez /ale/ allâtes alliez irez alliez allassiez iriez allez
ils/elles vont /vɔ̃/ allèrent allaient iront aillent allassent iraient

The non-finite forms are all based on all- /al/:

  • Infinitive: aller
  • Present participle: allant
  • Gerundive: en allant
  • Verbal adjective: allant(e)(s)
  • Past participle: allé(e)(s)

Auxiliary verb: être

1 In Classical French and even in certain dialects (like in Cajun and some Quebec dialects) je vas is used.

三种类型动词的词尾变化

 
第一组 第二组 第三组   第一组 第二组 第三组
Indicatif (Présent)   Subjonctif (Présent)
je e1 is s (x3) e5   e isse e2.1
tu es es5   es isses es2.1
il e it t (d,c4) e5   e isse e2.3
nous ons issons ons2.1 ons   ions issions ions
vous ez issez ez (es2.2) ez   iez issiez iez
ils ent issent ent (nt2) ent   ent issent ent
   
  Indicatif (Imparfait)   Subjonctif (Imparfait)
je ais issais ais   asse isse isse6 usse
tu asses isses isses6 usses
il ait issait ait   ât ît ît6 ût
nous ions issions ions   assions issions issions6 ussions
vous iez issiez iez   assiez issiez issiez6 ussiez
ils aient issaient aient   assent issent issent6 ussent
   
  Indicatif (Passé simple)   Impératif (Présent)
je ai is is6 us    
tu as   e is s e5
il a it it6 ut    
nous âmes îmes îmes6 ûmes   ons issons ons ons
vous âtes îtes îtes6 ûtes   ez issez ez ez
ils èrent irent irent6 urent    
   
  Indicatif (Futur simple)   Conditionnel (Présent)
je erai irai rai   erais irais rais
tu eras iras ras
il era ira ra   erait irait rait
nous erons irons rons   erions irions rions
vous erez irez rez   eriez iriez riez
ils eront iront ront   eraient iraient raient

1. 在疑问句中,这个 e 会被写成 é (传统拼法) 或 è (修正拼法),并且发做半开母音 è [ɛ]。另外,jee 会变成无声。例如 je marche /ʒə.maʁʃ/ (我走); marchè-je? /maʁʃɛʒ/ (我走吗?)

2. 这些动词的结尾是 -ontils sont (他们是)、 ils ont (他们有)、 ils font (他们做)、 ils vont (他们去)。

2.1. 只有动词 être 在这些地方会有例外: nous sommes (我们是)、 que je soi-s (~我是), que tu soi-s (~你是)。

2.2. 这些动词与它们的派生词的结尾是 -esvous êtes (你们/您是)、 vous faites (你们/您做), vous dites (你们/您说)。

2.3. 只有动词 êtreavoir 的结尾有 tqu'il/elle/on soi-t (~他/她/我们是)、 qu'il/elle/on ai-t (~他/她/我们有)。

3. 只有 je/tu peux (我/你能够)、 je/tu veux (我/你想要) 和 je/tu vaux (我/你值得)。

4. 以 -dre 结尾的动词在第三人称单数时结尾为 d ,除了以 -indre-soudre 结尾的动词是以 t 结尾。动词 vaincre (打败)和 convaincre (说服) 第三人称单数的结尾分别为 vaincconvainc

5. 只有这些动词是这样变化的: assaillir (攻击)、 couvrir (覆盖)、 cueillir (采集)、 défaillir (昏厥)、 offrir (提供)、 ouvrir (开启)、 souffrir (承受)、 tressaillir (颤抖),以及命令式的 avoir (有)、 savoir (知道)、 vouloir (想要)。

6. 例外有 je vins (我来到了)、 je tins (我拿了)等等,以及 que je vinsse (~我来)、 que je tinsse (~我拿)等等。

现代法语口语的第一人称复数

第一人称复数结尾 -ons 以及相应的主格代词 nous (我们)在现代法语口语中十分少见。但受格的代词 nous 仍然很常用。[1] 代词 on 除了做为无人称代词之外,也普遍用以取代主格的 nous。例如, nous chantons (我们唱歌)在几乎所有的口语中都可以被 on chante 取代,除非是特别谨慎的场合。这导致了法语一些动词形式的消失。然而,动词词尾 -ons 仍然可以在命令式中见到: Chantons ! (我们唱歌吧!),而此句在某些情况下也可被 On chante ! 取代。

注解

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 简单时态
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 通常只用于(文学的)写作或极为正式的场合中
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 极少用于现代法语

参考资料

  1. ^ van Compernolle, Rémi A. Nous versus on: Pronouns with first-person plural reference in synchronous French chat. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 2008, 11 (2): 85–110 [2017-04-05]. (原始内容存档于2018-05-04). 

参见

参考文献

  • Larousse de la conjugaison, 1980.

外部链接