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鲤科

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鲤科
化石时期:始新世至现代
麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 辐鳍鱼纲 Actinopteri
目: 鲤形目 Cypriniformes
亚目: 鲤亚目 Cyprinoidei
科: 鲤科 Cyprinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
亚科

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鲤科鲤形目下种类最多的一个科,包括约200有效属、约2000现生种[1][2](具体数目随着新发现及相关各科定义的变化,在有关专家学者当中未有定论)。中国共有约132属532种和亚种,其中包括鲤鱼鲫鱼等常见鱼类。此科鱼的特征是有鱼须、有咽齿脂鳍。鲤科一族分布于欧亚大陆、北美、非洲。最大的鲤鱼—巨暹罗鲤Catlocarpio siamensis)可以长到3米长,300公斤。黄鳍结鱼Tor putitora),可以长到2.75米长,54公斤。结鱼Tor tor),可以长到2米长,9公斤。在北美分支中的尖头叶唇鱼Ptychocheilus lucius)单体记录为1.8米长,45公斤。

与之相对的,有很多种类的体长不足5厘米。透体小发育成熟后体长仅11毫米,而2006年发现的微鲤更仅有7.9毫米。鲤科的所有成员均为卵生,大部分不保护他们的卵。但是,有一些种类建鱼窝或护卵。鳑鲏类的鱼会将卵产于贝类体内,新生的小鱼直到有能力生存后才离开寄主。

特征

本科鱼外观体型差异极大。一般为纺锤形或长形,侧扁或稍侧扁,口由前上颔骨与下颔骨组成,能伸缩。上下颔皆无齿,但由最后一对鳃之腹面特化成1至3行咽头齿,每行少于8枚齿,与头骨腹面的角质后垫形成咀嚼构造。通常具有1至2对须或无须。背鳍1枚,其前部有2至4根不分枝鳍条,腹鳍腹位,尾鳍叉形或深叉形。体被圆鳞,少数种类鳞片变小或退化。腹鳍基部一般均具有狭长腋鳞。

分类

鲤科下分约200有效属,如下:

曲鲤属Aaptosyax

棒花鱼属Abbottina

刺𬶋属Acanthogobio

坦噶尼喀魮属Acapoeta

光唇鱼属Acrossocheilus

梭短吻鱼属Albulichthys

钝齿鱼属Amblypharyngodon

钝吻魮属Amblyrhynchichthys

近金线鲃属Anchicyclocheilus

异𫚔属Aspidoparia

扁吻鱼属Aspiorhynchus

Aspius

管臀鱼属Aulopyge

袋唇鱼属Balantiocheilos

孟加拉鲮属Bangana

髯魮属Barbichthys

  • 光髯魮 Barbichthys laevis (Valenciennes, 1842),基异名:Barbus laevis Valenciennes, 1842

四须鲃属Barbodes

拟四须魮属Barboides

四须魮属Barbonymus

小髯魮属Barbopsis

魮属Barbus

低线𫚭属Barilius

似䱻属(Belligobio

Betadevario

Bhava

琵琶湖𬶋属Biwia

泰波鱼属Boraras

短波鱼属(Brevibora)

Brevibora Liao, Kullander & Fang, 2010[7]

瞎眼魮属Caecobarbus

盲鲤属Caecocypris

二须魮属Capoeta

Carasobarbus

须鲫属Carassioides

鲫属Carassius

卡特拉魮属Catla

  • 卡特拉魮 Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822),为Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)的异名

印度鲤属Catlocarpio

  • 巨暹罗鲤 Catlocarpio siamensis Boulenger, 1898:又称暹罗印度鲤。[10]

沙昆鲤属Chagunius

元宝鳊属Chela

埃塞鱼属Chelaethiops

黄河鱼属Chuanchia

鲮属Cirrhinus

Clypeobarbus

褶吻鲮属Cophecheilus

裂口须魮属Coptostomabarbus

铜鱼属Coreius

高丽雅罗鱼属Coreoleuciscus

方口魮属Cosmochilus

穗唇魮属Crossocheilus

也称缨鱼属

圆唇鱼属Cyclocheilichthys

似真小鲤属Cyprinion

鲤属Cyprinus

Danio

也称斑马鱼属

Danionella

Devario

也称大斑马鱼属德瓦

Diplocheilichthys

重唇鱼属Diptychus

盘齿魮属Discherodontus

盘唇鱼属Discocheilus

盘𬶋属Discogobio

Discolabeo

连理鱥属Eirmotus

鳀波鱼属Engraulicypris

因特鲃属Enteromius

角鱼属Epalzeorhynchus

长须Esomus

Folifer

  • 瓣结鱼 Folifer brevifilis (Peters, 1881):又称海南瓣结鱼。

墨头鱼属Garra

颌须𬶋属Gnathopogon

𬶋属Gobio

鳅𬶍属Gobiobotia

𬶋鲫属Gobiocypris

裸鲤属Gymnocypris

裸重唇鱼属Gymnodiptychus

Haludaria

裂峡魮属Hampala

䱻属Hemibarbus

半线二须魮属Hemigrammocapoeta

单吻鱼属Henicorhynchus

高原鱼属Herzensteinia

红水鱼属Hongshuia

霍氏鱼属Horadandia

霍氏唇魮属Horalabiosa

高须魮属Hypselobarbus

高须鱼属Hypsibarbus

非鲤属Inlecypris

也称茵莱湖鲤属

  • 杰氏斑马鱼 Inlecypris jayarami (Barman, 1985):又称萨尔温江非鲤、雅氏茵莱湖鲤

伊朗盲鲤属Iranocypris

婆罗鲤属Kalimantania

  • 婆罗鲤 Kalimantania lawak (Bleeker, 1855),基异名为Systomus lawak Bleeker, 1855

Kosswigobarbus

科特拉鱼属(Kottelatia)

  • 布氏科特拉鱼 Kottelatia brittani (Axelrod, 1976),基异名:Rasbora brittani Axelrod, 1976

野鲮属(Labeo

Labeobarbus

长背魮属Labiobarbus

Ladislavia

Laocypris

劳元宝鳊属Laubuka= Laubuca

美臀鱼属Lepidopygopsis

细须魮属Leptobarbus

瘦波鱼属Leptocypris

林氏鲃属Linichthys

准舌唇鱼属Lobocheilos

Longanalus

亮鲃属Luciobarbus属)

拟鳡属Luciocyprinus

梭大口鱼属Luciosoma

Macrhybopsis

Malayochela

Megarasbora

湄公鱼属Mekongina

中𬶋属Mesogobio

Mesopotamichthys

小徳鱼属(Microdevario

也称小徳瓦小大斑马鱼属

小鳔𬶋属Microphysogobio

小波鱼属Microrasbora

长臀魮属Mystacoleucus

Naziritor

线纹鳊属Nematabramis

Neobarynotus

新波鱼属Neobola

新光唇鱼属Neolissochilus

拟细鲫属Nicholsicypris

白甲鱼属Onychostoma

马口波鱼属Opsaridium

真马口波鱼属Opsarius

山魮属Oreichthys

截颌鲤属Ospatulus

骨鳊属Osteobrama

骨纹唇鱼属Osteochilichthys

纹唇鱼属Osteochilus

尖裸鲤属Oxygymnocypris

  • 斯氏尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd, 1908),基异名:Schizopygopsis stewartii Lloyd, 1908

微鲤属Paedocypris

Paracanthobrama

似刺鳊𬶋属Paracanthobrama

副穗唇魮属Paracrossochilus

似白𬶋属Paraleucogobio

副裸吻鱼属Parapsilorhynchus

副细鲫属Pararasbora

Pararhinichthys

Parasikukia

异华鲮属Parasinilabeo

Paraspinibarbus

Parasqualidus

Parator

无须鲃属(Pethia)

密耙鱼属Pectenocypris

鲈鲤属Percocypris

坑鱼属Phreatichthys

Placogobio

扁咽齿鱼属Platypharodon

片唇𬶋属Platysmacheilus

Plesiopuntius

头孔无须魮属Poropuntius

原魮属Probarbus

原鲤属Procypris

原野鲮属Prolabeo

前眼野鲮属Prolabeops

Protolabeo

拟魮属Pseudobarbus

拟缨鱼属Pseudocrossocheilus

似𬶋属Pseudogobio

泉水鱼属Pseudogyrinocheilus

拟扁吻𬶋属Pseudopungtungia

麦穗鱼属Pseudorasbora

拟金线魮属(Pseudosinocyclocheilus

卷口鱼属Ptychidio

叶须鱼属Ptychobarbus

扁吻𬶋属Pungtungia

Puntigrus

魮鲤属Puntioplites

无须魮属Puntius

也称小鲃属

Qianlabeo

长嘴𫚭属Raiamas

波鱼属Rasbora

类波鱼属(Rasboroides)

波体鱼属(Rasbosoma)

新耙波拉鱼属Rastrineobola

直口鲮属Rectoris

吻𬶋属Rhinogobio

Rohanella属

露魮属Rohtee

罗塔魮属Rohteichthys

罗马诺𬶋属Romanogobio

突吻𬶋属Rostrogobio

Sahyadria

鲑口波鱼属Salmostoma

萨纳鱼属Sanagia

鳈属Sarcocheilichthys

蛇𬶋属Saurogobio

闪光鱥属Sawbwa

  • 闪光鱥 Sawbwa resplendens Annandale, 1918

铲齿鱼属Scaphiodonichthys

类铲颌鱼属Scaphognathops

裂吻鱼属Schismatorhynchos

裂鲤属Schizocypris

裂臀鱼属Schizopyge

裸裂尻鱼属Schizopygopsis

裂腹鱼属Schizothorax

印度斧鲤属Securicula

唇鲮属Semilabeo

半泳鲤属Semiplotus

短吻鱼属Sikukia

华鲮属(Sinilabeo)

华缨鱼属Sinocrossocheilus

金线魮属Sinocyclocheilus

也称金线鲃属

Snyderichthys

Speolabeo

斯普拉特鲤属Spratellicypris

倒刺魮属Spinibarbus

银𬶋属Squalidus

Sundadanio

唐鱼属Tanichthys

Tanichthys Lin, 1932,也称邓鱼属

Tariqilabeo

芦鲤属Thryssocypris

似鲔雅罗鱼属Thynnichthys

丁鱥属Tinca

结鱼属Tor

三菱波鱼属(Trigonopoma)

三角波鱼属Trigonostigma

Troglocyclocheilus

盲魮属Typhlobarbus

盲墨头鱼属Typhlogarra

突吻鱼属Varicorhinus

奇须鲤属Xenobarbus

异鳔鳅𬶍属Xenophysogobio

鳐山鲤属Yaoshanicus

经济利用

本科鱼为各国重要的垂钓种及养殖鱼类,多数可食用,颇具经济价值,是合各种烹饪方式。另外一些种类体色艳丽,适合做为观赏鱼。

本科鱼类全部为淡水鱼;不仅种类繁多,其分布也广泛,各种水体皆有其分布。其食性也因鱼种而不同,各种食性之鱼种皆有。

注释

  1. ^ 方芳英语Fang Fang Kullander命名。方芳(Fang Fang Kullander),中国及瑞典鱼类学家,曾在中国科学院动物研究所瑞典国家自然历史博物馆从事淡水鱼类研究工作,2010年病逝于瑞典。鲤科两鱼类新种及亚科新属方芳属英语Fangfangia是以她命名,以作纪念。
  2. ^ 秉志命名。
  3. ^ 张春霖命名。

参考文献

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