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骨硬化蛋白

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维基百科，自由的百科全书
骨硬化蛋白
已知的结构
PDB直系同源搜索: PDBe RCSB
识别号
别名SOST；, CDD, SOST1, VBCH, DAND6, sclerostin, Sclerostin
外部IDOMIM：605740 MGI：1921749 HomoloGene：11542 GeneCards：SOST
相关疾病
sclerosteosis 1[1]
基因位置（人类）
17号染色体
染色体17号染色体[2]
17号染色体
骨硬化蛋白的基因位置
骨硬化蛋白的基因位置
基因座17q21.31起始43,753,738 bp[2]
终止43,758,791 bp[2]
直系同源
物种人类小鼠
Entrez

50964

74499

Ensembl

ENSG00000167941

ENSMUSG00000001494

UniProt

Q9BQB4

Q99P68

mRNA​序列

NM_025237

NM_024449

蛋白序列

NP_079513

NP_077769

基因位置​（UCSC）Chr 17: 43.75 – 43.76 MbChr 11: 101.85 – 101.86 Mb
PubMed​查找[4][5]
维基数据
查看/编辑人类查看/编辑小鼠
骨硬化蛋白
鉴定
标志Sclerostin
PfamPF05463（旧版）
InterPro（英语：InterPro）IPR008835

骨硬化蛋白（英语：Sclerostin）或译作硬骨素、硬骨抑素、抑硬素，是人类中由SOST基因编码的一种蛋白质。[6]它是一种分泌性糖蛋白，具有C端半胱氨酸结（英语：Cystine knot）样（CTCK）结构域，且与骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）拮抗剂DAN（英语：Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease）（神经母细胞瘤中差异筛选选择的基因异常）家族序列相似。骨硬化蛋白主要由骨细胞产生，但也在其他组织中表达，[7]并对骨形成具有抗合成代谢作用。[8]

结构

骨硬化蛋白长度为213个残基，其二级结构经蛋白质NMR（英语：Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins）测定为28% β折叠（6条链；32个残基）。[9]

功能

骨硬化蛋白是SOST基因的产物，位于人类染色体17q12–q21 上，[10]最初被认为是一种非经典骨形态发生蛋白（BMP）拮抗剂。[11]最近，硬化蛋白已被鉴定为与LRP5（英语：LRP5）/6（英语：LRP6）受体结合并抑制Wnt信号通路。[12][13]Wnt通路的抑制导致骨形成减少。[12]尽管其潜在机制尚不清楚，但据信骨硬化蛋白对BMP诱导的骨形成的拮抗作用是由Wnt信号传导介导的，而不是BMP信号通路介导的。[14][15]硬化素在骨细胞和一些软骨细胞中表达，它抑制成骨细胞的骨形成。[16][17][18]

骨细胞产生的骨硬化蛋白受到甲状旁腺激素、[18][19]机械负荷、[20]雌激素[21]和细胞因子（包括前列腺素E2、[22]抑癌蛋白M、心肌营养素1（英语：Cardiotrophin 1）和白血病抑制因子）的抑制。[23]降钙素可增加骨硬化蛋白的产生。[24]因此，成骨细胞活性由负反馈系统自我调节。[25]

临床意义

编码骨硬化蛋白的基因突变与高骨量、骨质硬化症（英语：Sclerosteosis）和范布赫姆病（英语：Van Buchem disease）相关的疾病有关。[10]

范布赫姆病是一种常染色体隐性遗传骨骼疾病，其特征是骨骼过度生长。[26]它于 1955 年首次被描述为“家族性全身性皮质骨质增生症”，并于1968年被赋予现在的名称。[26][27]过度的骨形成在头骨、下颌骨、锁骨、肋骨和长骨的骨干中最为突出，并且骨形成贯穿一生。[26]这是一种非常罕见的病症，2002年大约有30例已知病例。[26]1967年，范布赫姆（英语：Frans van Buchem）对15名荷兰裔患者的疾病进行了描述。[26]硬化症患者与范布赫姆病患者不同，因为他们通常较高且手部畸形。[28]1990年代末，Chiroscience（英语：Chiroscience）公司和开普敦大学的科学家确定该基因中的“单一突变”导致了这种疾病。[29]

骨硬化蛋白抗体

主条目：罗莫索珠单抗（英语：Romosozumab）

由于骨硬化蛋白对骨骼的特异性，目前正在开发一种针对该蛋白的抗体。[16]在骨质疏松大鼠和猴子的临床前试验中，它的使用增加了骨骼生长。[30][31]在一项I期研究中，安进公司的单剂量抗硬化素抗体（罗莫索珠单抗（英语：Romosozumab））增加了健康男性和绝经后女性髋部和脊柱的骨密度，并且该药物具有良好的耐受性。[32]在一项II期试验中，骨质疏松女性接受一年的抗体治疗后，骨密度的增加程度高于双磷酸酯（英语：Bisphosphonate）和特立帕肽治疗；它有轻微的注射副作用。[17][33]礼来公司针对骨硬化蛋白的单克隆人类抗体的II期试验对绝经后妇女产生了积极影响。与安慰剂组相比，每月接受该抗体治疗一年后，脊柱和髋部的骨矿物质密度分别增加了18%和6%。[34]在一项III期试验中，与安慰剂组相比，绝经后妇女接受罗莫索珠单抗治疗一年可降低椎骨骨折的风险。与安慰剂组相比，它还增加了腰椎（13.3% vs 0.0%）、股骨颈（5.2% vs -0.7%）和全髋关节（6.8% vs 0.0%）的骨矿物质密度。各组之间的不良事件是平均的。[35]骨硬化蛋白在牙科领域具有重要意义，[36]并且正在开发针对骨硬化蛋白的再生策略。[37]2019年4月，美国食品和药物管理局批准罗莫索珠单抗用于骨质疏松性骨折（英语：Pathologic fracture）风险极高的女性。[38]它还于2019年获准在日本[39]和欧盟使用。[40]

参考资料

  1. ^ 與骨硬化蛋白相關的疾病；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000167941 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001494 - Ensembl, May 2017
  4. ^ Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  5. ^ Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 
  6. ^ Brunkow ME, Gardner JC, Van Ness J, Paeper BW, Kovacevich BR, Proll S, et al. Bone dysplasia sclerosteosis results from loss of the SOST gene product, a novel cystine knot-containing protein. American Journal of Human Genetics. March 2001, 68 (3): 577–89. PMC 1274471 可免费查阅. PMID 11179006. doi:10.1086/318811. 
  7. ^ Hernandez P, Whitty C, John Wardale R, Henson FM. New insights into the location and form of sclerostin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. April 2014, 446 (4): 1108–13. PMID 24667598. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.079. 
  8. ^ Entrez Gene: SOST sclerosteosis. 
  9. ^ Weidauer SE, Schmieder P, Beerbaum M, Schmitz W, Oschkinat H, Mueller TD. NMR structure of the Wnt modulator protein Sclerostin. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. February 2009, 380 (1): 160–5. PMID 19166819. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.062. 
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  40. ^ Victoria Rees. EC approves treatment for severe osteoporosis postmenopausal women. European Pharmaceutical Review. 13 December 2019 [27 February 2020]. 

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