盲鳗科
盲鳗科 化石时期:
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六鳃黏盲鳗 Eptatretus hexatrema | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 圆口纲 Cyclostomata |
目: | 盲鳗目 Myxiniformes |
科: | 盲鳗科 Myxinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
亚科及属[1] | |
见内文 | |
异名 | |
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盲鳗科(学名:Myxini),也称盲鳗目(学名:Myxiniformes)、穿口盖目(学名:Hyperotreti),是一类海洋脊椎动物,在食物链上属于食腐动物。过去是无颌总纲之下的一目,现在则是无颌总纲下的圆口纲下的一亚纲。
分布
盲鳗广泛分布于全球三大洋的温带、亚热带和热带的海域,几乎所有的种类生活在大陆架边缘的深海中。[3]
特征
盲鳗目是唯一已知的有头骨但没有脊椎的活体动物,尽管它们确实有未发育的椎骨,其的外形裸露且光滑柔软,有一个半规管和嗅囊,在上皮组织有数个皮折,嗅神经束是分离的,鱼体前半段为圆柱状,后半段则较侧扁,如蛇状。具有软骨质头骨和由角蛋白组成的齿状结构。体色从粉红色到蓝灰色,可能存在黑色或白色斑点。其属于早期具有感光能力之鱼类,3只眼睛受皮层包覆,只能测光暗而没有视野可言;没有明显的骨骼、头部跟眼肌,故只能靠口部有几根肉质状的短须来辨识。盲鳗的嘴在软骨板上有两对角质的梳状牙齿,可以伸缩,这些牙齿用于抓住食物并将其拉向咽部[4],身体侧的外鳃孔大约1至16对,黏液腺发达,受刺激时会分泌大量黏液以防御捕食者[5]。同时也是现存脊椎动物中较原始的一类,没有上下颔,和近亲八目鳗一样口部都呈圆形,主要以生病、行动缓慢的鱼类作为觅食对象。已知最古老的化石出现于大约3.1亿年前的晚石炭世,现代典型代表种首次记录在大约1亿年前的白垩纪中期。
黏液
盲鳗可以从专门的黏液孔分泌大量的乳状纤维状黏液,当释放到海水中时,黏液会在0.4秒内膨胀到原来大小的10,000倍[6],盲鳗分泌的黏液具有非常细的纤维,使其比其他动物分泌的黏液更耐用、更易保持[7]。纤维由蛋白质制成,也使黏液变得柔韧。如果被掠食者抓住,可以迅速释放大量黏液来逃脱。如果它们仍然被捕获,可以将自己打成一个反手结,然后从动物的头部到尾部,刮掉粘液并将自己从捕获者手中解救出来。
眼睛
盲鳗的眼睛缺乏水晶体、眼外肌和更复杂的脊椎动物中常见的三种运动性颅神经,现存盲鳗也没有顶眼[8][9] ,眼睛部分被躯干肌肉组织覆盖。但从出土的化石显示,在石炭纪出现有复杂眼睛构造的类似盲鳗的脊椎动物,证实盲鳗的眼睛并不是拟形的,而是退化[10][11]。
呼吸
盲鳗的呼吸方式通常是透过咽部吸入水,经过软颚腔,然后将水通过内部鳃囊,根据物种的不同,鳃囊的数量从5对到16对不等[12]。鳃袋单独打开,但在盲鳗属(Myxine)鱼类中,开口已合并,管道从皮肤下的每个开口向后延伸,在腹侧形成一个共同的孔,称为鳃孔。食道还会透过没有呼吸组织的咽皮管(食道皮管)连接到左鳃开口,因此左鳃开口比右鳃开口大。此咽皮管用于清除咽部的大颗粒,此功能也部分透过鼻咽管进行。盲鳗还具有发达的真皮毛细血管网络,当动物埋在缺氧泥浆中时,可为皮肤提供氧气,并且对缺氧和缺氧具有较高的耐受性,具有发达的无氧代谢[13],皮肤也被认为能够进行皮肤呼吸[14]。
心脏功能、循环和体液平衡
盲鳗是脊椎动物中血压最低[15]和最原始的液体平衡类型之一就是这些生物。每当细胞外液增加时,血压就会升高,而肾脏会排出多余的液体。盲鳗的血液量与体重之比是所有脊索动物中最高的,每100公克体重含有17毫升血液。盲鳗有一颗真正受神经支配的心脏,其循环系统还包括遍布全身的多个辅助泵,这些泵被认为是辅助“心脏”。
肌肉骨骼系统
盲鳗肌肉组织与有颌脊椎动物的不同之处在于,它们既没有水平隔膜,也没有垂直隔膜,而在有颌脊椎动物中,隔膜是分隔下轴和轴上肌肉组织的结缔组织的连接处。然而,盲鳗确实像所有脊椎动物一样具有真正的肌节和肌隔。盲鳗的骨骼由头骨、脊索和尾鳍条组成。第一张盲鳗内骨骼图由Frederick Cole于1905年绘制。盲鳗的舌器由软骨基部组成,软骨基部带有两个覆盖牙齿的板(齿板),并通过一系列大型软骨轴铰接。盲鳗的鼻囊相当大,包括衬有软骨环的纤维鞘。
分类
- †似盲鳗属 Myxinikela Bardack 1991
- †Myxinikela siroka Bardack, 1991
- †特提斯盲鳗属 Tethymyxine Miyashita, Coates, Farrar, Larson, Manning, Wogelius, Edwards, Anné, Bergmann, Palmer & Currie, 2019
- †Tethymyxine tapirostrum Miyashita, Coates, Farrar, Larson, Manning, Wogelius, Edwards, Anné, Bergmann, Palmer & Currie, 2019
- 红盲鳗亚科 Rubicundinae Fernholm et al., 2013
- 黏盲鳗亚科 Eptatretinae Bonaparte, 1850
- 黏盲鳗属 Eptatretus Cloquet, 1819
- 盲鳗亚科 Myxininae Nelson, 1976
经济利用
在大多数国家,通常不被食用,但蒲氏黏盲鳗在朝鲜半岛和在日本的韩国人中被视为食物。在一些地区,特别是长崎县和新潟县,日本人也将其作为当地美食享用,价格昂贵,皆为底拖网捕获,又皮强韧而柔软,多用来制作皮带及钱包,而大量被渔捞,产量逐渐减少。
参考资料
- ^ Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. Fishes of the World 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 9781118342336.
- ^ van der Laan, Richard; Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ronald. Family-group names of Recent fishes. Zootaxa. 2014, 3882 (2): 001–230. ISSN 1175-5326. PMID 25543675. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1.
- ^ 邵广昭; 陈静怡. 魚類圖鑑 2003年12月1日初版一刷. 台北市: 远流. : 33. ISBN 957-32-5106-X (繁体中文).
- ^ Hyperotreti 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2013-02-06.. Tree of Life
- ^ Zeng, Yu; Plachetzki, David C; Nieders, Kristen; Campbell, Hannah; Cartee, Marissa; Pankey, M Sabrina; Guillen, Kennedy; Fudge, Douglas. Epidermal threads reveal the origin of hagfish slime. eLife. 2023-03-10, 12. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 10005773 . PMID 36897815. doi:10.7554/eLife.81405 (英语).
- ^ Here’s how hagfish slime gets 10,000 times bigger in 0.4 seconds
- ^ Fudge, Douglas; Levy, Nimrod; Chiu, Scott; Gosline, John. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. S2CID 16606815. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
- ^ Ostrander, Gary Kent. The Laboratory Fish. Elsevier. 2000: 129–. ISBN 978-0-12-529650-2.
- ^ Keeping an eye on evolution. PhysOrg.com. 2007-12-03 [2007-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2012-03-15).
- ^ Gabbott, S.E; Donoghu, P.C; et al, Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye., Proc. R. Soc. B, 2016, 283 (1836): 20161151, PMC 5013770 , PMID 27488650, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.1151
- ^ Bardack, D, First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois, Science, 1991, 254 (5032): 701–3, Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B, PMID 17774799, S2CID 43062184, doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701
- ^ Springer, Joseph; Holley, Dennis. An Introduction to Zoology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012: 376–. ISBN 978-1-4496-9544-6.
- ^ Jørgensen, Jørgen Mørup. The Biology of Hagfishes. Springer Science & Business Media. 1998: 231–. ISBN 978-0-412-78530-6.
- ^ Helfman, Gene; Collette, Bruce B.; Facey, Douglas E.; Bowen, Brian W. The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution, and Ecology. John Wiley & Sons. 2009: 235–. ISBN 978-1-4443-1190-7.
- ^ Forster, Malcolm E.; Axelsson, Michael; Farrell, Anthony P.; Nilsson, Stefan. Cardiac function and circulation in hagfishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 1991-07-01, 69 (7): 1985–1992. ISSN 0008-4301. doi:10.1139/z91-277.
延伸阅读
- Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2011). Myxinidae. FishBase. Version 2011-02.
- Bardack, D. First fossil hagfish (Myxinoidea): a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Science. 1991, 254 (5032): 701–703. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..701B. PMID 17774799. doi:10.1126/science.254.5032.701.
- Bardack, D.; Richardson, E. S. Jr. New agnathous fishes from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois. Fieldiana. Geology. 1977, 33: 489–510. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5167.
- Brodal, A. and Fänge, R. (ed.) (1963). The Biology of Myxine, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
- Fernholm, B.; Holmberg, K. The eyes in three genera of hagfish (Eptatretus, Paramyxine and Myxine) – A case of degenerative evolution. Vision Research. 1975, 15 (2): 253–259. PMID 1129982. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(75)90215-1.
- Hardisty, M. W. (1982). Lampreys and hagfishes: Analysis of cyclostome relationships. In The Biology of Lampreys, (ed. M. W. Hardisty and I. C. Potter), Vol.4B, pp. 165–259. Academic Press, London.
- Janvier, P. (1996). Early vertebrates. Oxford Monographs in Geology and Geophysics, 33, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Marinelli, Wilhelm. Vergleichende Anatomie und Morphologie der Wirbeltiere: 2. Lieferung. Myxine glutinosa (L.). Franz Deuticke. 1956.
- Yalden, D.W. Feeding mechanisms as evidence for cyclostome monophyly. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 84 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01802.x.
- Stock, D. W.; Whitt, G. S. Evidence from 18S ribosomal RNA that lampreys and hagfishes form a natural group. Science. 1992, 257 (5071): 787–789. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..787S. PMID 1496398. doi:10.1126/science.1496398.
- Mincarone, Michael M.; Stewart, Andrew L. A new species of giant seven-gilled hagfish (Myxinidae: Eptatretus) from New Zealand. Copeia. 2006, 2006 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2006)6[225:ANSOGS]2.0.CO;2.
- J.M. Jørgensen; J.P. Lomholt; R.E. Weber; H. Malte (编). The biology of hagfishes. London: Chapman & Hall. 1997.
- Delarbre, C; et al. Complete Mitochondrial DNA of the Hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri: The Comparative Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences Strongly Supports the Cyclostome Monophyly. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 184–192. PMID 11820840. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1045.
- Bondareva; Schmidt, EE. Early Vertebrate Evolution of the TATA-Binding Protein, TBP. Molecular Biology and Evolution. November 2003, 20 (11): 1932–1939. PMC 2577151 . PMID 12885957. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg205.
- Ewoldt, R. H., Winegard, T. M. and Fudge D. S. (2010). Non-linear viscoelasticity of hagfish slime. Int. J. Lin. Mech. 46: 627–636.
- Fudge, D. (2001). Hagfishes: Champions of Slime Nature Australia, Spring 2001 ed., Australian Museum Trust, Sydney. pp. 61–69.
- Fudge, D. S.; Gardner, K. H.; Forsyth, V. T.; Riekel, C.; Gosline, J. M. The mechanical properties of hydrated intermediate filaments: Insights from hagfish gland thread cells. Biophysical Journal. 2003, 85 (3): 2015–2027. Bibcode:2003BpJ....85.2015F. PMC 1303373 . PMID 12944314. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74629-3.
- Fudge, D. S.; Hillis, S.; Levy, N.; Gosline, J. M. Hagfish slime threads as a biomimetic model for high performance protein fibres (PDF). Bioinspiration & Biomimetics. 2010, 5 (3): 1–8. Bibcode:2010BiBi....5c5002F. PMID 20729569. doi:10.1088/1748-3182/5/3/035002.[永久失效链接]
- Fudge, D. S.; Levy, N.; Chiu, S.; Gosline, J. M. Composition, morphology and mechanics of hagfish slime. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2005, 208 (24): 4613–4625. PMID 16326943. doi:10.1242/jeb.01963.
- Winegard, T. M.; Fudge, D. S. Deployment of hagfish slime thread skeins requires the transmission of mixing forces via mucin strands. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2010, 213 (8): 1235–1240. PMID 20348334. doi:10.1242/jeb.038075.
参阅
外部链接
- FishBase entry for Myxinidae (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- YouTube 5+ minute video of Scripps scientist/diver on hagfish (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Metacafe video of a University of Alberta grad student showing slime production of hagfish while in Bamfield, British Columbia (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Beware the hagfish – repeller of sharks 3 News, 28 Oct 2011. Video.
- Hagfish versus sharks : 1-0 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Te Papa Blog, 28 October 2011.
- Teen Spots Hagfish-Slurping Elephant Seal – YouTube (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (2:11)
- What happens when a shark attacks a hagfish – BBC (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (0:39)
- Vancouver Aquarium Hagfish Slime (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 盲鳗科之科解说 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- 盲鳗新发现 - 国家地理杂志
- 盲鳗刺鱼蚤 Species Acanthochondria eptatreti Cheng, Luo, Dai & Shih, 2014