牙齿发育

X光照片由右下方拍摄，左起：第三、第二以及第一臼齿，各在不同发育阶段

牙齿发育或称牙生成（英语：odontogenesis），是胚胎细胞发育、生长成为牙齿，最后长于口腔内的复杂过程。虽然许多物种都有牙齿构造，但牠们的牙齿发育普遍和人类相同。人类牙齿必须经过良好的胚胎发育阶段，才能发展出健康的口腔环境、牙釉质、牙本质、牙骨质及牙周组织。乳齿在六至八周之间开始形成，恒齿则是第二十周时开始生长、逐渐取代乳齿，错过这段时间牙齿便不会发育。

参考资料

• Abbott, Dave. "Sharks" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 2000. [2006-01-07]
• The American Academy of Periodontology. "Oral Health Information for the Public". [2005-12-12]
• The American Dental Association. "Tooth Eruption Charts". [2005-12-12]
• The American Dental Hygiene Association （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2005-12-10]
• The American Dental Hygiene Association （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Table II. Effects of nutrient deficiencies on tooth development" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2005-12-10]
• Ash, Major M. and Stanley J. Nelson. Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion. 8th edition. 2003. ISBN 0-7216-9382-2.
• Buchheim, Jason. "A Quick Course in Ichthyology" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2006-01-07]
• Cate, A.R. Ten. Oral Histology: development, structure, and function. 5th ed. 1998. ISBN 0-8151-2952-1.
• Caceci, Thomas. Veterinary Histology with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity". [2005-12-15]
• Frandson, R.D. & T.L. Spurgeon, 1992. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals. 5th edition. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger. ISBN 0-8121-1435-3.
• Harris, Edward F. Craniofacial Growth and Development. In the section entitled "Tooth Eruption." 2002.
• Health Hawaii. "Primary Teeth: Importance and Care". Retrieved [2005-12-12]
• Johnson, Clarke. "Biology of the Human Dentition". 1998.
• Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.
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• Riolo, Michael L. and James K. Avery. Essentials for Orthodontic Practice. 1st edition. 2003. ISBN 0-9720546-0-X.
• Ross, Michael H., Gordon I. Kaye, and Wojciech Pawlina. Histology: a text and atlas. 4th edition. 2003. ISBN 0-683-30242-6.
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• University of Southern California School of Dentistry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "The Bell Stage: Image 26" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2005-12-11]
• University of Southern California School of Dentistry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "The Bell Stage: Image 30" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2005-12-11]
• University of Texas Medical Branch. "Lab Exercises: Tooth development." Page found here.
• Williams, Michael E. "Jaws: The early years" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. 1992. [2006-01-07]
• WebMd （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Dental Health: Your Child's Teeth" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [2005-12-12]
• The international Journal of Developmental Biology. Odontogenesis Vol.39, N° 1 (1995) [1]

外部链接

• 生物人类学与古代人DNA （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 发育中牙齿的不同基因数据库 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• 兽医组织学，Dr. Thomas Caceci