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操演性

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操演性（英语：Performativity），或译作表演性、展演性，是指语言作为社会行为形式发挥作用、产生效果的术语。[1] 操演性，在人类学、社会地理学、文化地理学、经济学、性别研究、法学、语言学、戏剧理论、表演研究、历史、管理学和哲学等不同领域有多种应用与定义。

术语，来自语言哲学家约翰·奥斯丁的言语行为理论。奥斯丁提到了一种特别的能力：通过言语和交流，来采取行动，或达成某项行动。奥斯丁将其与陈述叙说（英语：constative utterance）区分开来，称为操演叙说（英语：performative utterance）。奥斯丁定义陈述叙说为可以“评估为真或假”的语句。而操演叙说[注 1]的常见例子，有：承诺、打赌、举行婚礼、示威者宣布罢工、或法官宣布裁决。 [1]

受奥斯汀影响，性别研究哲学家朱迪思·巴特勒认为，性别是通过日常的言语行为和非语言行为在社会上构建的，有助于定义和维持身份。[2] 这种性别操演性的观点颠覆了身份是言语、手势等次生行为的原因。相反，性别操演性将行动、行为和手势也视为是形成个人身份的原因，而不只是结果，而个人身份在不断通过言语行为和象征性交流中得到重新定义。[1] 巴特勒的此观点也受到了傅柯、阿图塞等哲学家的影响。[3]

参考

注

  1. ^ 或翻作“践行叙说”、“展演叙说”等

注脚

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cavanaugh, Jillian R. Performativity. Anthropology. 10 March 2015 [10 October 2017]. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199766567-0114. （原始内容存档于2023-03-21）. 
  2. ^ Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge. 1990. 
  3. ^ Cultural Studies and Discourse Analysis – Barker & Galasinski

延伸阅读

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  • Lloyd, Moya. 1999. "Performativity, Parody, Politics", Theory, Culture & Society, 16(2), 195–213.
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  • Sedgwick, Eve Kosovsky. 2003. Touching Feeling: Affect, Pedagogy, Performativity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
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