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情色性

维基百科,自由的百科全书
楣拉霍库印度庙的情色欲乐像

情色性(英语:Eroticism[1]是指引起感受的特质[2][3],以及关于性欲感官浪漫关系美学思辨。此一特质能够在不同的艺术作品上找到,比如绘画雕塑照片戏剧电影音乐文学、广告。

正如法国小说家奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克指出,情色性的定义不仅只与某人的性道德有关,还取决于其所身处的文化和时代[4][5][6]

定义

有鉴于情色的本质是流动的[7],故早期定义将它设想成某种形式的肉体或浪漫之爱,有的则直接将其等同性欲。比如1755年版的《百科全书,或科学、艺术和工艺详解词典》将情色定义为“一个形容词,其适用于一切跟两性之爱有关的事物;它特指那种无节制的放荡”[8]

情色的定义完全取决于观者的文化和品味[9][10],故此人们乃至批判者很容易将完全依赖上述判断的情色性跟色情混淆[11]。反色情活动家安德里亚·德沃金表示:“情色只不过是更高档次的色情罢了;它们有着更好的制作、更好的构思、更好的执行过程、更好的包装,为较上流之人士而设计”[12]林恩·亨特就这类型的混淆写道:“这证明了……很难清楚划分情色与色情……情色与色情分离的历史乃待人补白”[13]

生物演化

情色性与文化及其色情制品有关,演化心理学已揭示了情色性如何影响人性的演化[14]

精神分析学

约翰·威廉·高多德的《很久很久以前的故事》(The Old, Old Story)

心理治疗师西格蒙德·弗洛伊德的影响之下[15],开始经由希腊哲学了解情色背后的审美[16]。对于柏拉图而言,当主体寻求超越自身,与客体/他者交融时,厄洛斯就会有一种近乎超然的表现:“一条正确的途径……可以自己遵循着它去爱,先从这个个别的美的东西开始……到一切美的形体,更从美的形体到那些美的行动,从美的行动到美的知识,最后从各种知识终于到达那种无关是关于美的知识”[17]

法国哲学

当代法国对于情色性的概念可追溯至启蒙时代[18],“在18世纪期间,字典将情色定义为跟爱有关的事物……情色性是私人事务对于公共领域的入侵”[19]。法国哲学家乔治·巴代伊于20世纪间发表了同样的观点,他认为情色性消去了人的主体性与人性之间的界限——暂时地消去理性的世界[20],并指“情色性当中的欲望是战胜禁忌的欲望。它以人与自身的冲突为前提”[21]。对于巴代伊等一众法国哲学家而言,“情色性并不只关乎性行为,它是一种心理上的追求……情色性即是对于生与死的认同”[22]

非异性恋

扬·西贡斯基英语Jan Ciągliński的《象征性舞蹈》(Symbolic dance)

酷儿理论LGBT研究会从非异性恋的角度探讨情色性,并认为现代主义和精神分析对于情色性的看法十分古板[23]以异性恋为中心[24],表示有关论述主要由“误认为自己的压抑性偏好”是常态的“少数精英、异性恋、资产阶级男性”撰写,受众同是这一批人[25][26][27]

伊芙·科索夫斯基·塞奇威克英语Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick[28]盖儿·鲁宾[29]玛丽莲·弗莱英语Marilyn Frye等一众理论家[30]分别从异性恋、女同性恋分离主义的角度,去为情色性进行大量论述,他们认为情色性既是一种政治力量[31],也是对于边缘化群体的文化批判[32]马里奥·巴尔加斯·略萨总结道:“情色性有其自身的道德正当性。因为它说快乐对我来说就足够了;它是个体主权的表现”[33]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 朴永圭. 情色朝鮮:那些被迫忍受、壓抑的韓國近代性慾實錄. 创意市集. 2020-06-22 [2020-12-27]. ISBN 9789579199902. 
  2. ^ Eroticism. Merriam-Webster. [2011-08-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-05). 
  3. ^ eroticism. Cambridge Dictionary. [2020-12-26]. 
  4. ^ Balzac, "The Physiology of Marriage" (1826), trans. Sharon Marcus (1997), Aphorism XXVI, 65
  5. ^ Grande, L., "Laws and Attitudes towards Homosexuality from Antiquity to the Modern Era", Ponte 43:4-5 (1987), pp. 122-129
  6. ^ Gauthier, Albert, "La sodomie dans le droit canonique medieval" in L'Erotisme au Moyen Age: Etudes presentees au IIe Colloque de l'Institut d'Etudes Medievales, 3-4 Avril 1976, ed. Roy, Bruno (Montreal: Ed. Aurore, 1977), pp. 109-122
  7. ^ Evans, David T., Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1993)
  8. ^ Encyclopédie (1755), quoted in Lynn Hunt ed., Eroticism and the Body Politic (London 1991) p. 90
  9. ^ Foster. Jeannette H., Sex Variant Women in Literature: A Historical and Quantitative Survey 2nd ed., (New York: Vantage Press, 1956) (repr. Baltimore: Diana Press, 1975)
  10. ^ Weinberg, M., & A. Bell, Homosexuality: An Annotated Bibliography, (New York: 1972)
  11. ^ Altman, A.; Watson, L. Debating Pornography. Oxford University Press. 2019: 64. ISBN 978-0-19-935871-7. 
  12. ^ Dworkin, Andrea. Pornography: Men Possessing Women. 1981: 39. ISBN 978-0-399-12619-2. 
  13. ^ Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 4
  14. ^ Miller, Geoffrey. The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. London: Vintage. 2001. 
  15. ^ Dollimore, Jonathan, Sexual Dissidence: Augusutine to Wilde, Freud to Foucault (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 105-8. Clarendon Press, 1991. ISBN 9780198112693
  16. ^ Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 13
  17. ^ The Symposium, in Benjamin Jowett trans., The Essential Plato (1871/1999), 746. However, note that Jowett's Victorian-era translation has asserted a reading of Plato that tends toward the physical-sex-less (e.g. the current sense of a platonic relationship), compared to later scholars from Walter Pater through Michel Foucault, to the present. See Adam Lee, The Platonism of Walter Pater: Embodied Equity (Oxford University Press, 2020). ISBN 9780192588135; and, again, Dollimore (1991).
  18. ^ Coward, D.A., "Attitudes to Homosexuality in Eighteenth Century France", Journal of European Studies 10, pp. 236 ff.
  19. ^ Hunt, "Introduction", in Hunt ed., Eroticism p. 3 and p. 5
  20. ^ L'érotisme, by Georges Bataille, Paris (1957: UK publication 1962) ISBN 978-2-7073-0253-3
  21. ^ George Bataille, Eroticism (Penguin 2001) p. 256
  22. ^ Bataille, Eroticism p. 11
  23. ^ Morton, Donald, ed., The Material Queer: A LesBiGay Cultural Studies Reader, (Boulder CO: Westview, 1996)
  24. ^ Cohen, Ed, Talk on the Wilde Side: Towards a Genealogy of a Discourse on Male Sexualities, (New York: Routledge, 1999)
  25. ^ Flannigan-Saint-Aubin, Arthur. "'Black Gay Male' Discourse: Reading Race and Sexuality Between the Lines". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:3 (1993): 468-90.
  26. ^ Aries, Philippe & Andre Bejin, eds., Western Sexuality: Practice and Precept in Past and Present, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985; orig. pub. as Sexualities Occidentales, Paris: Editions du Seuil/Communications, 1982)
  27. ^ Bullough, Vern L., "Homosexuality and the Medical Model", Journal of Homosexuality 1:6 (1975), pp. 99-110
  28. ^ from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Eve Kosofsky Sedgewick: Epistemology of the closet, 45
  29. ^ from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Gayle S. Rubin: Notes for a radical theory of the politics of sexuality, 3
  30. ^ from Abelove, Henry, Michele Aina Barale, and David Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, (New York: Routledge: 1993) Marilyn Frye: Some reflections on separatism and power, 91
  31. ^ Marshall, John, "Pansies, Perverts and Macho Men: Changing Conceptions of Male Homosexuality", in Kenneth Plummer, ed., The Making of the Modern Homosexual, (London: Hutchinson, 1981), 133-54
  32. ^ Fone, Byrne R.S., "Some Notes Toward a History of Gay People", The Advocate no. 259 (Jan 25, 1979), pp. 17-19 & no. 260 (Feb 28, 1979), pp. 11-13
  33. ^ Mangan, J. A. "Men, Masculinity, and Sexuality: Some Recent Literature". Journal of the History of Sexuality 3:2 (1992): 303-13